B.1.1.529 is the newest form of SARS- CoV-2. It was initially reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) on November 24, 2021, by South Africa. WHO recognized it as a variant of concern on November 26, 2021, and named it "Omicron.” The Omicron variant features an exceptionally large number of mutations, many of which are unique, and a substantial number of which impair the spike protein targeted by most COVID-19 vaccines at the time of its discovery. Despite initial studies showing that the variant caused less serious disease than prior strains, this amount of miscellany has raised worries about its transmissibility, immune system evasion, and vaccine resistance. Omicron is suspected to be much more infectious than previous variants of concerns, spreading around 70 times faster in the bronchi, but it is less able to penetrate deep lung tissue, which may explain why there is a significant reduction in the risk of severe disease requiring hospitalization. Nonetheless, because of the virus's fast rate of transmission and capacity to resist both two-dose vaccination and the immune system, the overall number of patients requiring medical care at present remains a major worry. In this article, the current state of the art for Omicron variant has been discussed to provide a strong framework for future research. The evolution, mutation, epidemiology, infectivity, vaccine breakthrough, and antibody resistance of the Omicron variant are investigated and discussed.

Glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant type of brain tumor. It has a reputation for being resistant to current treatments, and the prognosis is still bleak. Immunotherapies have transformed the treatment of a variety of cancers, and they provide great hope for glioblastoma, although they have yet to be successful. The justification for immune targeting of glioblastoma and the obstacles that come with treating these immunosuppressive tumors are reviewed in this paper. Cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses (OVs), checkpoint blockade medications, adoptive cell transfer (ACT), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, and nanomedicine-based immunotherapies are among the novel immune-targeting therapies researched in glioblastoma. Key clinical trial outcomes and current trials for each method are presented from a clinical standpoint. Finally, constraints, whether biological or due to trial design, are discussed, along with solutions for overcoming them. In glioblastoma, proof of efficacy for immunotherapy approaches has yet to be demonstrated, but our rapidly growing understanding of the disease's biology and immune microenvironment, as well as the emergence of novel promising combinatorial approaches, may allow researchers to finally meet the medical need for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).

Mutations are causing SARS-CoV-2 to alter its genetic structure to improve its potential to elude the immune system, making vaccine buildout against the virus more difficult. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants have been found up to this point; based on their impact on public health some are considered variants of concern (VOCs) and some are considered variants of interests. VOCs are linked to superior transmissibility, a decline in neutralization by natural or vaccine induced antibodies, evading capability of detection, and a reduction in the efficacy of vaccines or therapeutics. In this article, a SARS-CoV-2 subtype, known as Delta, has been revised to provide the current state of the art and an appropriate foundation for future research works. The evolution, pathogenesis, current trends of transmission, associated symptoms, suggested prevention and treatments, and vaccine efficacy of Delta variant are reviewed and discussed.

In recent times, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been considered one of the major causes of liver disease across the world. NAFLD is defined as the deposition of triglycerides in the liver and is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance (IR), fatty liver, hepatocyte injury, unbalanced proinflammatory cytokines, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, liver inflammation, and fibrosis are the main pathogenesis in NAFLD. Recent studies suggest that the action of intestinal microbiota through chronic inflammation, increased intestinal permeability, and energy uptake plays a vital role in NAFLD. Moreover, polycystic ovarian syndrome also causes NAFLD development through IR. Age, gender, race, ethnicity, sleep, diet, sedentary lifestyle, and genetic and epigenetic pathways are some contributing factors of NAFLD that can exacerbate the risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and eventually lead to death. NAFLD has various presentations, including fatigue, unexplained weight loss, bloating, upper abdominal pain, decreased appetite, headache, anxiety, poor sleep, increased thirst, palpitation, and a feeling of warmth. Some studies have shown that NAFLD with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has poor outcomes. The gold standard for NAFLD diagnosis is liver biopsy. Other diagnostic tools are imaging tests, serum biomarkers, microbiota markers, and tests for extrahepatic complications. There are no specific treatments for NAFLD. Therefore, the main concern for NAFLD is treating the comorbid conditions such as anti-diabetic agents for type 2 diabetes mellitus, statins to reduce HCC progression, antioxidants to prevent hepatocellular damage, and bariatric surgery for patients with a BMI of >40 kg/m 2 and >35 kg/m 2 with comorbidities. Lifestyle and dietary changes are considered preventive strategies against NAFLD advancement. Inadequate treatment of NAFLD further leads to cardiac consequences, sleep apnea, chronic kidney disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. In this systematic review, we have briefly discussed the risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, and numerous consequences of NAFLD. We have also reviewed various guidelines for NAFLD diagnosis along with existing therapeutic strategies for the management and prevention of the disease.

Purpose of Review Cannabis has been used since ancient times for medical and recreational research. This review article will document the validity of how medical cannabis can be utilized for chronic nonmalignant pain management. Recent Findings Current cannabis research has shown that medical cannabis is indicated for symptom management for many conditions not limited to cancer, chronic pain, headaches, migraines, and psychological disorders (anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder). Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are active ingredients in cannabis that modulate a patient's symptoms. These compounds work to decrease nociception and symptom frequency via the endocannabinoid system. Research regarding pain management is limited within the USA as the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) classifies it as a schedule one drug. Few studies have found a limited relationship between chronic pain and medical cannabis use. Summary A total of 77 articles were selected after a thorough screening process using PubMed and Google Scholar. This paper demonstrates that medical cannabis use provides adequate pain management. Patients suffering from chronic nonmalignant pain may benefit from medical cannabis due to its convenience and efficacy.