Summary To improve the driving performance of the electric vehicles, batteries or ultracapacitors (UCs) are frequently preferred in the energizing systems. In hybrid structures with multiple supply sources, an energy management system (EMS) is needed to improve the system efficiency, and to provide the optimum power sharing between a battery and a UC. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the Jaya optimization method for the urban use of the EMS of an ultralight electric vehicle powered by battery/UC. The performance of the proposed method is compared with dynamic programming (DP) that is one of the global optimization methods and particle swarm optimization (PSO) that is one of the other heuristic methods for real‐time applications. The simulation results show that Jaya‐EMS approached 3.1% to the DP, which yields the optimum result with respect to the total energy loss. In addition, the proposed method yields a loss of less than 1.9% from the PSO‐EMS. If all the above situations are considered, the proposed EMS method has less lossy alternative solution for the real‐time applications.

The shielding of buried three-phase high-voltage power lines can be done by placing them in conducting ferromagnetic U-shaped gutters covered with plates. In case of a perfect electrical contact between adjacent gutters and between adjacent cover plates, induced currents in the shield efficiently reduce the magnetic field generated by the cables. As however a perfect contact cannot be guaranteed, in practice, it is useful to quantify the effect of a defective electrical contact on the field reduction. From two-dimensional/ three-dimensional finite element computations and experiments, the influence of the contact resistance on the shielding efficiency is investigated, as a function of the ratio of axial length to height of the shield elements. Furthermore, the effect of other parameters on the shielding efficiency is studied: the ratio of axial length to height, a parasitic air gap between the gutter and the cover plate and the type of the shield material. It was found that a low contact resistance deteriorates much more the shielding in case of an aluminium shield than in case of a steel shield. As expected, the effect is larger for shield elements with relatively short axial length with regard to the other dimensions. Nevertheless, the effect remains quite significant for aluminium shields with practically convenient dimensions

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