a b s t r a c tBuildings account for 40% of total energy consumption in the European Union, yet at the same time they have considerable energy saving potentials. Historic buildings should be treated different from contemporary ones when it comes to energy improvements. The specifications which underline historical, sociocultural and architectural values require certain care during realization of energy saving implementations to sustain these values. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how the energy efficient retrofitting in historic buildings should be managed in a transdisciplinary approach with a case study conducted on the historic building inİzmir-Turkey. A detailed building energy simulation tool was used to determine the impacts of energy efficient retrofits. The actual energy consumption of case building was based on the utility bills regarding electricity and heating fuel consumption. Building energy simulation tool was calibrated by comparing the measured and simulated indoor air temperatures and total energy consumptions. The inappropriate retrofits, which contradict to the cultural heritage values, were eliminated with a transdisciplinary approach. Later appropriate retrofits were gathered into three packages to evaluate their effects on the energy consumption. The results show that energy saving of more than 34% can be obtained without damaging the heritage values.© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Nomenclature MBE mean bias error (%) RMSEroot-mean-squared-error (%) CV(RMSE) coefficient of variance of the root-mean-squarederror (%) t i simulated value o i measured value n number of observations A period average of the measured values * Corresponding author.

Ancient stone and brick masonry mortars from three monuments in Konya, Central Anatolia dated to the Anatolian Selçuk Period (12th and 13th centuries AD) were examined for their raw material composition and durability characteristics to understand some characteristics of medieval mortar technology.Optical microscopy, XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR and TGA analyses revealed that the mortars contained high percentage of lime binder totally carbonated into micritic calcite. Coarse and medium aggregates were mainly composed of sandstone and metamorphic rock fragments, quartz, feldspar and mica minerals. Opal-A was found in considerable amounts in the fine aggregates, likely not derived from the coarser ones but added separately. Pozzolanic activity of the fine aggregates was determined by conductometric measurements. Their ability to form C-S-H was observed by treating them with saturated Ca(OH) 2 solution.Bulk density and total porosity measurements showed that the mortars were highly porous due to the use of high amount of lime. On the other hand, they possessed sufficient mechanical strength. Mechanical properties were determined by point load tests and ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements. They were expressed as uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and modulus of elasticity (E mod ) in MPa.The results were also discussed in terms of durability characteristics of the mortars. They were expressed with the use of uniaxial compressive strengths in dry and wet states, and total porosity values. The mortars were considered to have high durability to wetting and drying cycles but had poor durability to the crystallization of water-soluble salts.

The study, as a preliminary stage of the restoration work of a historic house from Levantine ages of _ Izmir in the nineteenth century, involves the examination of the dampness basement problems. Moisture contents and temperature of the wall surfaces were monitored by nondestructive techniques, such as direct measurements of electrical conductivity and infrared thermography. The results were evaluated in the light of physical properties, moisture, and soluble salt types and contents in the materials, outdoor, and indoor climatic conditions, layout of the site, and architectural features of the building. In addition to rising damp and lack of sufficient ventilation for years, some faulty details along the intersections with the terraces of the neighbor buildings, and intersection with the asphalt coated street and the basement windows that gave way for rainwater leaks were the other sources of dampness. Some cool but relatively dry parts of the walls were found to be potential zones for dampness problem through condensation between midnight and early mornings, especially in winter.

The domestic architecture in the rural villages ofİzmir comprises a unique built environment with their masonry wall textures, semi-open sofas, round tiled-hipped roofs, and chimneys, and represents an important part of the cultural and architectural heritage. This assessment is mainly based on field observations that focus on the architectural and structural layout of intact, damaged, and destroyed houses. During field observation and the analysis of data certain plan typologies and relationships between the geological formations of the region and choice of materials and construction techniques were observed. While load-bearing masonry and timber skeleton systems are common, extensive use of timber laces, stone, and fired or adobe brick masonry with mud mortar and timber frames infilled with masonry materials were frequently seen. Generally, round timber elements such as wall plates, laces, lintels, posts, and frames of flooring systems are used. Architectural degenerations in authentic houses, defective details and partially due to the earthquake-prone nature of the region seismicity have been evaluated. An overall approach for the preservation and sustainability of this heritage is suggested.

Les caractéristiques des matières premières de mortiers de maçonnerie de pierres et briques, dans deux palais Kubadabad construits au 13ème siècle en Turquie-Konya, ont été étudiées pour comprendre la technologie du mortier médiéval de ces deux monuments pour comparer les matières premières utilisées et pour discuter leurs relations avec la géologie locale et les sources de matières premières possibles. Des analyses par microscopie optique XRD, SEM, EDX et FTIR ont permis de déterminer les caractéristiques minéralogiques et pétrographiques des mortiers. Les propriétés physiques et mécaniques des mortiers ont été étudiées par densité volumique et porosité totale, en utilisant les méthodes de test standard RILEM, les estimations de force de compression uni-axiale par tests de charge ISRM, le module d'élasticité par mesure de la vitesse d'impulsion ultrasonique. Des analyses chimiques ont été réalisées pour déterminer les rapports entre liant et agrégat par traitement par acide dilué, la perte de poids par chauffage comme par analyse thermogravimétrique, l'activité pouzzolanique des agrégats fins par traitement avec hydroxyde de calcium saturé. La distribution des dimensions des particules dans les agrégats a été déterminée par tamisage. Les résultats ont montré que la maçonnerie en pierre et brique des deux palais était similaire dans la technologie des mortiers même si les constructions n'ont pas été contemporaines. Les mortiers diffèrent dans leurs propriétés physiques et mécaniques en fonction du type de maçonnerie dans lequel ils ont été utilisés. Les mortiers des maçonneries en pierre de charge étaient d'une densité supérieure et d'une porosité plus faible que ceux de la maçonnerie en brique des arches et des structures supérieures. Les taux en liant des mortiers sont plus élevés dans les maçonneries en brique. Les morceaux blanchâtres contenant environ 95 % de CaCO3 indiquent l'usage de calcaire comme liant. Les nombreuses formations calcaires de la région indiquent une provenance locale probable. Les agrégats grossiers issus de roches métamorphiques, volcaniques et sédimentaires reflètent clairement les caractéristiques géologiques des formations régionales ayant contribué à la formation de la plaine Konya. Les fins agrégats, riches en opale-A indiquaient l'exploitation des sources locales de pouzzolanes.