Ethics is defined as questioning the practice of moral standards and whether moral standards are logical or not. The struggle to determine the rules that should be followed by those who demonstrate activities in a particular field and the ethical principles of practice that is specific to it reveal the concept of professional ethics. The principles of professional ethics, is very important for a profession, have become more attractive in the field of pharmacy as it is in every field. In this regard, pharmacists need to consider the professional ethical principles in relation to their patients, colleagues or other employees. This study aims to determine the perceptions of community pharmacists about professional ethics through a sample case can be encountered in a pharmacy. In this context, the prepared questionnaire, consists of 24 questions, was conducted to randomly select 150 community pharmacists face to face in Ankara. The obtained data were statistically analyzed via SPSS 18.0 package program. Firstly, descriptive statistical analyzes were performed and followed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA). As a result of EFA four factors are obtained as: "financial and legal pressure", "patient benefit", "colleague pressure", and "patient confidence". These factors explained 68.033% of the total variance. t-test and ANOVA were used to determine the effects of demographics of pharmacists on the factors. Obtained results are of great importance in determining the perceptions of pharmacists regarding professional ethics. Knowing the factors affecting the pharmacist's behavior in accordance with the professional ethics will shed light on community pharmacy practices.

Since having a potential to give students an opportunity to be actively involved in the science learning and leads students to look the scientific phenomena in different perspectives, this study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of creative drama based science instruction on 6th grade students understanding of the Earth, Moon, and Sun concepts and eliminating the misconceptions on these concepts. In addition, the effectiveness of creative drama based instruction was also examined with regard to students' cognitive dimensions such as knowing, applying, and reasoning on the Earth, Moon, and Sun concepts. After the four-week treatment, the Earth, Moon, and Sun Concept Test (EMSCT) that included items categorized as knowing, applying, and reasoning items and covered some of the misconceptions on the related concepts was applied to 82 students in both control (42 students) and the experimental (40 students) groups from four different 6th grade classes. Since there were more than one dependent variable and to control the type-one error, MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) was used. The results revealed that students who were taught by creative drama based instruction showed significantly higher performance than the students who were taught by traditional instruction with respect to acquisition of the scientific concepts on the Earth, Moon, and Sun and elimination of the misconceptions related to these concepts. However, significant differences were not established with respect to all cognitive dimensions labeled as knowing, applying, and reasoning.

Aim: This study aims to identify the use areas of wearable health technologies developed for Alzheimer's patients and to present the results obtained. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using the systematic review method. Scanning was carried out on the electronic databases of Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science (Core Collection). Results: The scanning resulted in 798 publications. At the end of the detailed full-text analysis, 5 articles that were found to be suitable for the study were evaluated. Usage areas of WHTs have been determined to prevent possible falls, plan daily activities (personalized care planning, medication follow-up, disease management), and improve recall and autobiographical memory. Conclusion: The research is important in terms of giving information about wearable health technologies that developed for Alzheimer's patients. However, we need more evidence related to the use of these technologies.

This study aims to reveal the relationship between the disability levels of MS patients and the total costs of the disease. For this purpose, a systematic review of Cost of Illness studies on MS in the literature, in which the total costs of patients are evaluated according to their disability levels determined the EDSS (Expanded Disability Status Scale), has been performed. Within the scope of the study, the literature search was carried out on the PubMed database. The study included research articles published in English between January 2000 and December 2019, performed on sick individuals and calculating direct and indirect costs. The search resulted in 825 publications. 52 studies in which costs were calculated according to the disability levels of the patients within the framework of the inclusion criteria were included in the evaluation and their results were analyzed and compared. The total annual costs of the disease (direct + indirect) increase with the increase in the disability level of the patients (mild disability $ 26,925; moderate disability $ 44,429; severe disability $ 66,792). Among the direct costs, drugs (Disease modifying drugs and others) costs (4-90%) and within indirect costs, production losses (3-68%) are the main cost components. Despite the various methodological differences between the studies, the results obtained reveal that MS is an important and priority health problem due to its rising costs.

Background Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is a chronic, progressive, and neurodegenerative brain discomfort that causes the be damage to brain cells. Although there is no definitive treatment for AD, various drug treatments are used to reduce and control the symptoms of the disease. Developed for the treatment of mild-stage Alzheimer's patients, Aducanumab is the only drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the past two decades. However, the cost is very high and, in many countries, Aducanumab has not been approved due to insufficient clinical efficacy and lack of evidence yet. This study aims to analyze the cost-effectiveness of Aducanumab, which was developed for the treatment of mild-stage AD, from the patient's perspective. Methods In the study, the Markov model was developed to determine the cost-effectiveness of Aducanumab compared to Standard of Care (SoC) therapy over a 5-year horizon. Cost and effectiveness data were taken from the literature. In the study, the discount rate was determined as 6%. The results were presented as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), which represents the cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALY). The results were retested with one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis due to possible uncertainties in the research parameters. The results were presented with the tornado diagram and the scatter plots. Results With the Markov model, the total costs of Aducanumab and SoC treatments over a 5-year horizon were found to be 98.068 $ and 21.292 $, respectively. Aducanumab treatment had an additional gain of 0.64 QALY and an additional cost of 76.776 $ compared to the SoC treatment. The ICER value, which shows the additional cost per QALY of Aducanumab, was 119.408 $/QALY. As a result of the study, it was determined that Aducanumab was not cost-effective when compared to SoC treatment. Sensitivity analysis results showed stability. Aducanumab was confirmed not to be cost-effective with its current price and potential clinical benefit. Conclusion The result of the research is considered important in terms of providing evidence-based information on the cost-effectiveness of Aducanumab in Turkey. However, further, research is needed to evaluate Aducanumab's clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness.