Sorghum is the most well-known helpful cereal crop for poor farmers in Ethiopia’s dry lowland areas due to it’s a high yielding, drought tolerant, nutrient use efficiency crop that can be grown over 80 % of the worlds’ cultivated land. It has many advantages in the economic lives of the farmers in the highlands of the country. It is a source of food, feed, fuel, construction, fencing to poor farmers of Ethiopia. Though, many biological and environmental stresses are reducing grain yield increment. Foliar and grain diseases are one of the main biological stresses limiting sorghum production and productivity in the high and intermediate rainfall areas of Ethiopia. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to review the current state of highland sorghum improvement in Ethiopia’s highlands. Breeders, pathologists, agronomists, and research extension workers have all worked hard to overcome the constraints. In addition, the national sorghum research program is focusing on developing tolerant varieties that can withstand a variety of pressures by backcrossing tolerant characteristics into existing potential landraces and elite advanced lines. Due to many yield-limiting conditions, the crop’s production is well below its potential. Sorghum breeding began in Ethiopia in the early 1950s to solve important production difficulties that contributed to low productivity, and as a result, a number of improved varieties have been offered to farmers. Since 1978, research and development efforts previous to Ethiopian sorghum enhancement have been studied. Generally, believe that future productivity will most likely increase as a result of the integration of a diverse collection of mutually beneficial disciplines and organizations with varying priorities in technology development, advancement, promotion, and market/product production. Multidisciplinary methodologies, system sustainability with temporal and spatial intensification, and participation of essential stakeholders, including farmers, in the technological development, increase, promotion, and proper intervention in production are also of interest.

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The technique of farming two or more crops in the same field at the same time is known as intercropping. It has been practised for decades. It provides a number of benefits, including more efficient and effective resource utilization, less soil erosion, increased yield output on a limited cultivated field, risk reduction for smallholder farmers, and higher income per unit of work during times of labour scarcity. Intercropping legumes with cereals, in general, allows for more energy-efficient and continuous agriculture. However, as the world's population grows, a lack of arable land is a major developmental limitation in many rising countries' capacity to meet their basic food and nutritional demands. The most popular types of intercropping used to overcome poorly farmed terrain are mixed intercropping, row intercropping, and strip intercropping. Intercropping is influenced by a variety of factors, including the choice of compatible species, the timing of establishment/planting, knowledge of the physiology of the species to be cultivated at the same time, their growth habits, plant population density, canopy and root architecture, and water and nutrient usage. Various competition indices in cereal-legume intercropping have been used to measure crop yield and efficiency per unit area of land. Only a few of these are the Land Equivalent Ratio, Area Time Equivalent Ratio, Aggressively, Relative Crowding Coefficient, Competitive Ratio, and Actual Yield Loss. A well-managed cereal-legume intercropping system has been found to have beneficial impacts on resource utilization and combined production of low-input crops in the past. The most useful strategy for sustainable agriculture and food security is to address the cereal-legume intercropping system to all farmers in developing countries.

Sixty two advanced hybrid sorghum varieties were evaluated in three environments, Kobo (KB), Sheraro (SH) and Mieso (MS) during 2019 of the main season. The objective of this study was to evaluate sorghum hybrids for production in drought stressed areas of Ethiopia. The experiment was piloted using a randomized complete block design with two replications. The result of over sites showed for grain yield, environments, environment by block and genotype by environment interaction effect highly signifi cant variability among the genotypes. These point out that the variability among varieties and highly diverse growing situations across these three environments and vital in governing the expression of these traits. Signifi cant genotype interaction by environment resulted either from differential responses of the variety or the test environments were highly signifi cant (P ≤ 0.001). Out of 62 genotypes, G52, G47 and G38 were with near zero IPCA scores and hence have less interaction with the environments. Out of which only G47 and G52 had above average yield performance. Among environments, SH exhibited near zero IPCA1 score and hence had small interaction effects among environments, indicating that all the genotypes performed well in this location. So, it is the most favorable environments for most genotypes while MS and KB were good for only few genotypes. Genotypes, G36, G49, G37, G12, G68 and G6 generally exhibited high yield of positive IPCA1 score, from which G28, G55 and G34 had high IPCA1 scores in which G55 and G28 being the overall best genotype. Hence, the G55 and G28 were identifi ed as specially adapted and the highest yielding genotype to the corresponding environments. Generally, G33 can be recommended for specifi c adaptation whereas, G55 and G28 relatively for wider adaptation.