OBJECTIVE:The molecular events underlying ear development involve numerous regulatory molecules; however, the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) has not been explored in patients with ear atresia. Here, we aimed to investigate the expressions of 20–22 nucleotide noncoding RNAs.METHODS:We selected 12 miRNAs that function to control post-transcriptional gene expression in different pathways, including apoptosis, angiogenesis, and chondrogenesis. The altered miRNA expressions were analyzed by real-time PCR from serum samples of 7 patients with ear atresia and 8 controls.RESULTS:We found that the expression of apoptosis-regulating miRNAs was significantly downregulated in patients with ear atresia. TThe expressions of miR126, miR146a, miR222, and miR21 were significantly decreased by 76.2-(p=0.041), 61.8-(p=0.000), 30.5-(p=0.009), and 71.21-fold (p=0.042), respectively, compared with controls.CONCLUSION:Abnormal ear development in ear atresia patients, could possibly be due to the reduced expression of apoptosis regulating miRNAs. Changes in the regulation of tumor protein p53 (TP53), p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS), FAS ligand (FasL), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) directly or within the apoptosis-related cascades may play important roles during development, particularly in the external ear. This is the first report to present the possible association between apoptosis-regulating miRNAs and ear atresia/microtia.

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The study aimed to determine the effect of fumaric and maleic acids on the ensiling process. The corn herbage was ensiled without additives (control silage) or with 0.25% fumaric acid (FA25), 0.50% fumaric acid (FA50), 0.25% maleic acid (MA25), 0.50% maleic acid (MA50), FA25 + MA25 (FA25MA25) and FA50 + MA50 (FA50MA50) (treatment silages) as wet basis. The starch contents of FA50 and MA50 silages were lower than the content of the control silage (p < .05). The lactic acid content of the FA50MA50 silage was lower than that of the control silage (p < .05). Percentages of linoleic acid of MA25 and MA50 silages were higher than that of the FA50 silage (p < .05). The in vitro methane production and metabolic energy (ME) value of FA50MA50 silage was lower than that of the control silage (p < .05). The in vitro organic matter digestion (OMD) values of FA25, MA25 and FA50MA50 silages were lower than that of control silage (p < .05). The molarities of acetic (AA), propionic (PA), butyric (BA), isovaleric (IVA), isobutyric (IBA) and total volatile fatty (TVFA) acids of the in vitro ruminal fermentation fluid for the FA50MA50 silage were lower than that of the control silage (p < .05). As a result, the addition of fumaric and maleic acids (0.25% alone and together, or 0.5% alone) in ensiling of corn herbage did not change the quality, acidity (except for propionic, butyric and isobutyric acids) and nutrient contents (except for non-fiber carbohydrates and starch) and in vitro ruminal fermentation values (gas-methane production and organic acids).The combined use of 0.5% fumaric plus 0.5% maleic acid harmed silage quality and in vitro ruminal fermentation values. However, 0.5% maleic acid was partially more effective than those other organic acid additions in preserving linoleic and α-linolenic acids in the silage material.

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Ruminal fermantasyon sonucu oluşan ve sera gazı olan metan (CH 4 ) hem ekonomik hem de ekolojik olarak küresel iklim değişikliğinde önemli paya sahiptir. Ruminant beslemede uçucu yağların metan emisyonlarını azalttığına yönelik çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Bu in vitro çalışmanın amacı, Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. bitkisinden elde edilen uçucu yağın yonca kuru otunun ruminal gaz üretimi, metan emisyonu, rumen organik asitleri miktarı ve protozoa sayısı üzerine etkilerini araştırmaktır. Çalışmada, Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. uçucu yağının bileşenleri analiz edilmiştir. Rumen sıvısına 5, 10 ve 15 µL/0,2 g kuru madde (KM) (A0, A5, A10 ve A15) seviyelerinde Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. uçucu yağı eklenerek in vitro ruminal sindirime etkileri in vitro gaz üretimi ile belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak rumen sıvısına 10 µL Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. uçucu yağı eklenmesinin, süt ineği toplam rasyon karışımının (TMR) vitro ruminal gaz üretimi ve sindirim parametreleri üzerine olumlu etki göstererek antimetanojenik etki gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.