Background:Carcinomas of the thyroid follicular epithelium are the most common cancers of the endocrine system. In the diagnosis of thyroid nodules and tumors, the gold standard is histological evaluation. In cases which have morphological overlap, immunohistochemistry is needed for differential diagnosis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the expressions of CD56, HBME-1, cytokeratin 19 (CK19) antibodies in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and thyroid nodular lesions and their contributions to differential diagnosis.Materials and Methods:In this study, 47 PTCs (26 follicular variant, 21 classic type) and 26 benign thyroid lesions (15 nodular hyperplasia, 10 follicular adenomas, 1 Hurtle cell adenoma) were analyzed retrospectively. HBME-1, CK19, and CD56 antibodies were performed with immunohistochemical methods. The results were evaluated statistically.Results:+3 staining with HBME-1 and CK19 was observed in 72.3% and 83% of patients with PTC. In 95.7% of PTC cases, loss of CD56 expressions in various degrees was identified. A statistically significant difference was detected in HBME-1, CK19, and CD56 expressions between PTCs and benign lesions (P < 0.001).Conclusion:In our study, positive staining of HBME-1, CK19, and loosing expression of CD56 that supports malignancy was found and concluded that CD56 is a helpful antibody for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions and may increase the diagnostic accuracy when used with HBME-1 and CK19.

The pathology examination tariffs specified in the Healthcare Implementation Notification do not reflect the real costs of the examinations. The costs that are calculated using the activity-based costing system may vary according to the service types and levels of health care institutions. However, the main parameters of the method used in the study reflect the necessity of a more accurate banding of pathology examinations. The banding specified by the Healthcare Implementation Notification Tariff needs to be revised to reflect the real costs in Turkey.

BackgroundsLiquid‐based cytology (LBC) has begun to be used in non‐gynecological samples such as endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA). This study aims to investigate the diagnostic value of LBC in intrathoracic lymph nodes and lung lesions sampled with EBUS‐TBNA.MethodsIn total, 174 cases that underwent EBUS‐TBNA between July 2020 and February 2021 were included (75 and 99 cases were prepared using conventional and LBC methods, respectively). The two groups were compared in terms of diagnostic categories, number of slides, cell blocks, slides per location, locations sampled, immunohistochemical studies, sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy.ResultsThe percentages of malignant, suspicious for malignancy, benign, and non‐diagnostic (ND) cases were 51.8%, 1.1%, 39.6%, and 7.5%, respectively. The LBC and conventional group (CG) had similar rates in the diagnostic categories, except for ND (3.0% and 13.3%, respectively). The sensitivity of LBC and CG were 90.4% and 85.7%, respectively. There were no differences in the specificity and diagnostic accuracy between groups. There was a statistically significant difference between groups in terms of the number of slides, number of slides per location, number of cell blocks, and locations sampled (p < .001, p < .001, p < .05, p < .05).ConclusionThe LBC technique can be used for samples taken with EBUS‐TBNA. Rapid fixation and the absence of artificial problems greatly reduce the rate of ND samples in LBC slides. Other important advantages are a lower number of slides to examine and a greater number of cell blocks.

Background Additional studies may be needed when evaluating parathyroid fine needle aspirates (FNA) due to cytomorphologic similarities. The liquid‐based cytology (LBC) is an effective cytology method which provides additional slides for ancillary techniques. We aimed to examine the immunocytochemical (ICC) GATA 3, TTF‐1, which chromogranin and PTH expressions and to determine their diagnostic importance in parathyroid FNAs which were prepared via LBC technique. Methods In total, 45 parathyroid FNA cases were examined in our laboratory for 12‐month period. Thirty five cases without cell blocks were included in the study. Ten cases were excluded from study (five cases were nondiagnostic, five cases had cell blocks). For main LBC cytology slides SurePath pap test kit was used. For ICC study 4 PAP‐stained LBC slides were obtained from each case's residual material. The slides were then stained with GATA 3, TTF‐1, PTH and chromogranin. Results Of 35 cases, 8 were male and 27 were female. The mean age of the cases was 52.25 ± 11.44 (range 27–72). The mean diameter of the lesions was 18.54 ± 7.66 mm (range 6–32 mm).The most used antibody was TTF‐1 (in all 35 cases). The positivity rates were 84.8%, 83.9% and 81.8% for GATA 3, PTH and chromogranin, respectively. TTF‐1 was completely negative in 100% of cases. All patients had high PTH washout values (29 patients, PTH washout value was >5000 pg/mL). In 30 cases, histopathologic follow‐up was available. The cyto‐histological correlation was 100%. Based on the PTH washout values for cases without resection, the diagnostic accuracy of FNA was determined as 100% in detecting the parathyroid origin. Among the antibodies, the most specific and sensitive antibody was TTF‐1 (100%). The sensitivity values of the antibodies indicating parathyroid origin for GATA3, PTH and chromogranin were 86.67%, 83.33% and 81.82%, respectively. Conclusion The addition of ICC studies applied to LBC slides is also very helpful in diagnosis, especially in FNAs with limited material such as parathyroid. GATA3 is a more reliable ICC marker determining parathyroid origin. In differentiation from thyroid origin, the addition of TTF‐1 to the ICC panel increases the diagnostic accuracy to 96.67%. Although PTH and chromogranin have lower sensitivity, they are still reliable markers to detect parathyroid origin.

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