No abstract

Misinformation and disinformation are widespread in society, as well as during the outbreak of COVID-19. Much of this information is partly accurate, but the others are not, making it difficult for people to find reliable sources and guides. This study aims to see the tendency of misinformation and disinformation related to COVID-19, which has been fact-checked by Mafindo in January -July 2020 period using quantitative content analysis. The misinformation and disinformation criteria refer to the seven UNESCO types. They were analyzed using the disinformation triangle model by Victoria L. Rubin. The results showed that the highest intensity of COVID-19 misinformation and disinformation was in March, April, and May. Misinformation and disinformation are mostly disseminated through the platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp. The types of content that are most widely shared are misleading content, fabricated content, and false context. Besides, personal opinions are also the source of the most common COVID-19 misinformation during January-July 2020.

<p><em>The use of social media in searching for information relating to political issues has become immensely crucial since in those domains the information appearing is often biased and dominated by certain parties or groups. One of the political information that has frequently emerged in Indonesia is about Papua. The significance of this research because Papua is a crucial problem in Indonesian history, and its conversation has continued, especially in social media. This study intends to examine the use of social media in searching for information about Papua. That is a novelty of research because no one has examined Papua in terms of the use of social media. The Uses and Gratification Theory is used in the study with a mixed method approach as both quantitative and qualitative data were concurrently utilized. Quantitative data obtained from a questionnaire distributed to 100 UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta students. UPN was selected because they are a state defense campus and provide state defense material to students. While qualitative data from in-depth interviews with some sources. In conclusion, social media cannot be used as the only media for seeking information about Papua. Audiences actively choose the media based on their motivation, experience, and satisfaction.</em></p>

Social media is one of the fields for spreading hoaxes or fake news. This study compared the spread patterns of hoax between Generation X and Generation Z. This study used McPrenski's Generation Theory and the concepts of DeFleur and Ball-Rokeach regarding social categories theory. A survey was conducted in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta province, and the sample size was 240. The research was held before the Indonesia General Election2019 due to the high spread of political hoaxes. The hypothesis was tested using the T-test formula. The results showed that there were differences in hoax distribution patterns between both generations. Generation X looked more active in spreading hoax compared to Generation Z. This finding confirmed the Generation Theory and the terminology of digital immigrants and digital natives. The findings can be considered positive since Generation Z, which will be more active in the future, seemed less interested in hoaxes and tended to be more digitally literate. The digital literacy movement should consider the specificities of each target group because each group has different characteristics.

Infodemics in the COVID-19 pandemic situation biases information, and the community's need for the correctness of information becomes increasingly difficult to fulfill. Misinformation and disinformation circulate widely on social media, including instant chat applications. The research problem's formulation is how the contents of COVID-19 misinformation and disinformation that occurred on social media in Indonesia for the period January 20 - March 9, 2020. The research method used is quantitative with a content analysis approach. All misinformation and disinformation cases on social media are taken from cases that have been fact-checked by Mafindo (Indonesian Anti-Defamation Society) in a predetermined period. In total, there were 69 cases of misinformation and disinformation. As a result, there are three main conclusions in this study. First, false context and misleading content are the most common types of misinformation and disinformation. Second, the producers and distributors of these messages are individuals with Facebook and WhatsApp. Third, these findings indicate a tendency for the production and distribution of misinformation and disinformation messages to be carried out by individuals. The high accessibility of the community facilitates this to communication media.