A dedicated plug-in has been installed to visualize three-dimensional (3D) city modeling spatial data in web-based applications. However, plug-in methods are gradually becoming obsolete, owing to their limited performance with respect to installation errors, unsupported cross-browsers, and security vulnerability. Particularly, in 2015, the NPAPI service was terminated in most existing web browsers except Internet Explorer. To overcome these problems, the HTML5/WebGL (next-generation web standard, confirmed in October 2014) technology emerged. In particular, WebGL is able to display 3D spatial data without plug-ins in browsers. In this study, we attempted to identify the requirements and limitations of displaying 3D city modeling spatial data using HTML5/WebGL, and we propose alternative ways based on the bin-packing algorithm that aggregates individual 3D city modeling data including buildings in tile units. The proposed method reduces the operational complexity and the number and volume of transmissions required for rendering processing to improve the speed of 3D data rendering. The proposed method was validated on real data for evaluating its effectiveness in 3D visualization of city modeling data in web-based applications.

We investigate the microstructure, thermal stability, melt‐rheological behavior, and mechanical properties of sustainable composites based on a modified poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix and cellulose nanofibril (CNF) fillers. For this purpose, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)‐grafted PLA (PLA‐g‐GMA) was fabricated via reactive melt‐mixing of neat PLA with GMA and it was melt‐compounded with different CNF filler loadings (0.5–10.0 wt%). The NMR and FT‐IR spectroscopic analyses of PLA‐g‐GMA/CNF composites confirmed that GMA was successfully grafted on the PLA backbone and that there are intermolecular chemical reactions and specific interactions between the GMA group of the PLA‐g‐GMA matrix and the hydroxyl group of the CNF filler in the composites. As the result, the glass transition and cold‐crystallization temperatures of the PLA‐g‐GMA matrix in the composites were measured to increase with the increase of CNF loading. In addition, the thermal decomposition temperature of the PLA‐g‐GMA matrix as well as the residue at 500°C of the composites increased with the CNF loading, resulting from the barrier and flame retardation roles of CNFs to the PLA‐g‐GMA matrix. The elastic storage moduli, impact strength, and complex viscosity were found to be higher for the composites with higher CNF loadings, which is due to the good interfacial adhesion between the PLA‐g‐GMA matrix and the CNF filler in the composites at glassy, rubbery, and melt states.

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