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A disc-on-disc type tester was used to examine the role of fullerene nanoparticles dispersed in a mineral oil-based lubricant. In the friction test, the friction coefficient of the disc specimen immersed in the nano-oil was significantly lower than that of the disc specimen immersed in the mineral oil. This suggests that the nanoparticles dispersed in mineral oil played the important role in the lubrication enhancement of nano-oil. A series of experiments in this study were carried out to delineate the two effects [i.e., direct effect (e.g., rolling/sliding/filming) and surface enhancement effect (e.g., mending/polishing)] of nanoparticles for nano-oil-based lubrication enhancement. The disc specimens immersed in the nano-oils during the friction test was removed, and then they were re-immersed in new mineral oil for an additional friction test. The direct and surface enhancement effect of nanoparticles was then visualised by the evolution of the friction coefficient of the disc specimen immersed in the mineral-and nano-oil. The results showed that the direct effect of nanoparticles was much more dependent on the magnitude of the applied normal load than the surface enhancement effect.

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