Camel milk (CM) has been found to have several health benefits, including antiviral, antibacterial, anti-tumor, anti-fungal, antioxidant, hypoglycaemic and anti-cancer activities. In addition, CM can counter signs of aging and may be a useful naturopathic treatment for autoimmune diseases. The composition of CM varies with geographic origin, feeding conditions, seasonal and physiological changes, genetics and camel health status. In the present review, we collate the diverse scientific literature studying antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of CM and its bioactive compounds. The databases Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched until the end of September 2021 using the keywords: camel milk, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of CM in various inflammatory disorders was consistently reported to be through modulating inflammatory cells and mediators. The common anti-inflammatory bioactive components of CM seem to be lactoferrin. The antioxidant effects of α-lactalbumin, β-caseins and vitamin C of CM work by reducing or inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydroxyl radicals, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anions and peroxyl radicals, likely alleviating oxidative stress. Higher levels of protective proteins such as lysozyme, IgG and secretory IgA compared to cow’s milk, and insulin-like protein activity of CM on ß cells appear to be responsible for the immunomodulatory properties of CM. The evidence indicates that CM and its bioactive components has the potential to be a therapeutic value for diseases that are caused by inflammation, oxidative stress and/or immune-dysregulation.

Objectives Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is occurred by disruption of alveolar-capillary membrane and associated with an inflammation process. In the present study, the effect of arnafant surfactant on RDS in rats was compared to curosurf. Methods RDS was induced in male Wister rats by surfactant washout using 10 times lung lavage with 3 ml saline at 37oC through an intra-tracheal cannula after anesthetized with intrapritonal administration of 60 mg thiopental Na while animals were ventilated. Then chest was opened and stepwise increasing volume of air was administered and withdrawer from the lung while lung pressure was monitored and lung compliance was determined using lung volume-pressure curve. Total and differential white blood cells (WBC) as well as oxidative stress markers in the blood and bronco-alveolar lavage (BALF) were also examined. The study was performed in 4 groups (n=10 in each group) of rats including control and RDS, both traded with saline, RDS treated with arnafant and RDS treated with curosurf (2.5 ml contained 6.25 mg surfactant for both drugs).Results The value of lung compliance in RDS group was significantly reduced compared to control group (P<0.001). However, in RDS group treated with arnafant, lung compliance was significantly increased compared to both untreated and to curosurf treated RDS groups (P<0.001 for both cases). Total and differential WBC counts in the blood of RDS group were significantly increased compared to the control group but in RDS group treated with arnafant, total WBC, and lymphocyte counts were significanty decreased compared to untreated RDS group (P<0.01-P<0.001). In the BALF of RDS group treated with curosurf, total and differential WBC were significantly increased but in RDS group treated with arnafant, only total WBC, eosinophil and lymphocyte counts were significanty increased compared to the control group (P<0.01-P<0.001). In the BALF, lung tissue and serum of untreated RDS group, all oxidative stress markers were significantly changed compared to the control group but in arnafant treated RDS group all markers and in curosurf treated RDS group, only thiol level and CAT activity in the BALF as well as MDA and thiol levels both in the lung tissue and serum were significanty improved compared to untreated RDS group (P<0.05-P<0.001).Conclusion Treatment of RDS rats with arnafant significantly improved lung compliance as well as lung and systemic inflammation and oxidative stress and the effect of this surfactant drug was significantly higher than curosurf.