Background: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and tuberculosis (TB) represent major public health problems. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is the assessment of the prevalence of tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), and co-infection of both, in pregnant women. Methods: We searched the literature in PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Knowledge and MeSH, from all years of study until 25 April 2018, for articles and abstracts describing tuberculosis, HIV, and co-infection of HIV/TB during the pregnancy. Risk ratio (RRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each outcome were combined, using a random-effects model. Eighteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Results: There was not an association between the incidence risk of tuberculosis during pregnancy in women without any underlying disease. (Risk ratio = 2.43, 95% CI = 0.97-6.08, p = 0.056, I 2 = 88.636, df (Q) = 4, Qvalue = 35.198). Pregnancy does not increase the incidence risk of HIV (Risk ratio = 1.27, 95% CI = 1-1.6, p = 0.00, I 2 = 81.024, df (Q) = 17, Q-value = 89.589). The prevalence of HIV has been investigated in three age groups of pregnant women [18-24 years (RR = 1.38), 25-34 years (RR = 1.12), and 35-44 years (RR = 1.71)], but there was not any significant association between the incidence of HIV and the age of the pregnancy. The risk ratio of tuberculosis in HIV positive pregnant women was 2.56 (summary: 95% CI = 1.57-4.17, p = 0.055, I 2 = 56.744, df (Q) = 4, Q-value = 9.247), and pregnancy in HIV positive women increased the incidence risk of tuberculosis. Conclusions: Pregnancy in HIV positive women was associated with an increased tuberculosis risk. Thus, prevention of tuberculosis incidents in these pregnant women would be critical for reducing vertical transmission from mother to child.
Background: Digital image analysis (DIA), used to extract information from pathology slides, provides better precision and no limitation regarding different interpretations by observers. Objectives: The present study aimed at evaluating the accuracy of DIA in the interpretation of borderline (2+) human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) immunohistochemistry (IHC) slides of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Methods: Sixty pathology samples with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast were extracted based on HER2 (2+) and their fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) responses (as reference standard). The slides were digitized and, then, two pathologists examined the slides and documented diagnosis. DIA was performed by a free web application. Results: Totally, 307 digital images with 298 megabytes volume were extracted. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity values of DIA were 86 %, 46.1 %, and 97.8 %, respectively, with 8 false-negative cases. There was moderate agreement between the pathologist 1 (kappa = 0.42) and pathologist 2 (kappa = 0.41) with DIA. Conclusions: DIA had good accuracy and could be used for the interpretation of borderline HER2 IHC method in invasive ductal carcinoma.
IntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate the TRE-induced changes in the serum expression levels of miRNAs associated with lipids metabolism and autophagy process in MI patients to assess the potential protective effects of TRE in these patients.Material and methodsThis post hoc investigation was performed on serum samples obtained from a pilot randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial that recruited 14 men (aged 18-80) who had MI and systemic inflammation. The patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to either TRE (15 g/week, intravenous (IV) ad-ministration) (N=10) or placebo groups (equal volume of saline 0.9 %) (N=4) for a period of 12 weeks. To measure the relative serum expression levels of miRNA-155, miRNA-221, and miRNA-33, the SYBR Green qPCR method was used.ResultsmiRNA-155 showed significantly higher serum expression levels in the TRE group (2.772±0.73; P=0.009) when compared to the placebo group. Also, significant reductions in miRNA-155 (0.171±0.03; P=0.016), miRNA-221 (0.116±0.07; P=0.013), and miRNA-33a (0.076±0.07; P=0.025) were observed in the placebo group at the end of the study. Nevertheless, the reduction (normalized to the baseline) of the serum expres-sion levels of miRNA-221 (FC:0.87±0.20 vs FC:0.18±0.08; P=0.009) and miRNA-33a (FC:0.73±0.22 vs FC:0.13±0.08; P=0.025) were significantly less in TRE group than in the placebo group.ConclusionsIV TRE administration did not reduce the expression of miRNA-221 and miRNA33a as much as placebo. Keeping a steady state of the serum expression levels of these miRNAs associated with lipoproteins metabolism and autophagy in the TRE group might have protective effects in patients with MI.
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