No abstract

The intergenerational transfer effects from parents to their children are strong. We are testing the intergenerational transfer hypothesis using a Finnish data set collected in 2007. The survey allows not only studying intergenerational transfer effect in sport but also in movies at a cinema and classical music concerts participation. Consumers' preferences are modelled using a CES utility function. If sport (movies, classical music) are normal goods, higher incomes result in higher demand but lost income due to time spent in these leisure activities should decrease the demand. It turns out that lost income (Linder's disease) is important. Older persons who are already pensioners do not suffer from Linder's disease are more active sport, movies and classical music consumers than younger (e.g. 55-64 years old). The intergenerational transfer hypothesis is verified. In general if parents have been active sport exercisers their children are also active sport exercisers. Father's influence is significant even when the person is older than 55. Mother's influence in that case is not significant. However, mother's influence is important and significant in the cases of movies at a cinema and classical music even when the person is older than 55.

The topic of this particular study is to combine facial expressions, skin response and willingness to pay (WTP) using an iMotions Platform. This software solution combines biosensors in human behaviour research. A useful method to estimate WTP is contingent valuation method (CV) (Mitchell and Carson 1989). The method has been widely used in cultural economics (Noonan 2003) and sport economics (Walker and Mondello 2007, Wicker et al. 2016a). CV method is made up of using surveys to elicit a willingness to pay for hypothetical changes in some good or service. Galvanic skin response (GSR), also known as electro dermal activity measures electrical activity conducted through sweat glands in the skin. It is an indication of the intensity of an emotion experienced (iMotions). GSR in an indication of stress (arousal of the sympathetic nervous system) in the body by appearing as continuous variation in the electrical characteristics of skin (De Brito and Mitchell 2019). Only joy and surprise are positively related to WTP, while the other emotions do no reveal anything. In addition, heart rate (GSR) and gender are significantly associated with WTP. Keywords: facial expressions, skin response, willingness to pay, sport events, cultural events

Top teams in sports typically are located in large towns since the junior teams of a top team have a bigger number of talents available and a large proportion of top players come from own junior team. This is especially true in women sport. A large town is able to support a large number of fans and visitors to a game, which results in higher ticket revenue. A large majority on the location of top teams uses male sports and there is no evidence concerning whether female sports follows the same structure. Is it so that if there is a top team of men located in a town, there is also a top women team? Are there any differences across genders in the location? The aim of this study is to include women sport and compare income elasticity of men sport and women sport. The variable to be explained is the cumulative amount of top teams located in a town. Top teams in this setting means that the team is playing in the highest league. Six different sports are included: ice hockey, football, (Finnish style) baseball, floorball, basketball and volleyball. The data covers 28 seasons from 1990 (or 1990/91) to 2017 (or 2017/2018). The Poisson regression and negative binomial regression results show that the cumulative number of male sport teams is positively related to population and negatively to average incomes. The negative income elasticity is weaker in the case of women sports. The coefficient is not significant in negative binomial regression model. Some prescriptive analysis concerning location correlation and autocorrelation is also given.

Sport participation can be classified into fanatic and energetic. Fanatic is related to attendance at sport events. Energetic sport participation is that a person exercises some sport activity by herself/himself. Using bivariate probit allows us to separate the direct and indirect marginal effects of different explanatory variables. A selection of some socioeconomic variables is used here to explain the profile of passive and active sport participation. The data is taken from ISSP 2007 which is a mainly European level survey on these issues. A bivariate probit model explaining sport participation, both fanatic (attending sporting events) and energetic (exercising yourself) sport participation is estimated first. The above mentioned variables-age, the body-mass index, the educational level, gender and marital status and incomesare used as explanatory variables 34 estimations in each country. Some of the variables are not available for each county, for example the body-mass index is usually not available. The second step is to analyze the marginal effects of gender using Hofstede's cultural dimensions. The second step analysis reveals that individualism, uncertainty avoidance and indulgence are the dimensions that significantly explain gender differences in sporting behavior.