In Turkey, IE occurs in relatively young patients and Brucella spp should always be taken into consideration as a cause of this infection. We should first consider streptococci as the causative agents of IE in young patients, those with CRHD or congenital heart valve disease, and cases of community-acquired IE. Staphylococci should be considered first in the case of pacemaker lead IE, when there are high levels of creatinine, and in cases of healthcare-associated IE. Enterococci could be the most probable causative agent of IE particularly in patients aged >50 years, those on dialysis, those with late prosthetic valve IE, and those with a perivalvular abscess. The early diagnosis and treatment of IE before complications develop is crucial because the mortality rate is high among cases with serious complications. The prevention of bacteraemia with the measures available among chronic haemodialysis patients should be a priority because of the higher mortality rate of subsequent IE among this group of patients.

Currently there is not an effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19, but a large number of drugs have been evaluated since the beginning of the pandemic and many of them have been used for the treatment of COVID-19 despite the preliminary or conflicting results of the clinical trials. We aimed to review and summarize all of the current knowledge on the antivirals for COVID-19. There are 2 main drug groups for SARS-CoV-2: Agents that target proteins or RNA of the virus or interfere with proteins or biological processes in the host that support the virus. The main drug groups include inhibitors of viral entry into the human cell (convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibodies, nanobodies, mini proteins, human soluble ACE-2, camostat, dutasteride, proxalutamide, bromhexin, hydroxychloroquine, umifenovir nitazoxanid, niclosamide, lactoferrin), inhibitors of viral proteases (lopinavir/ritonavir, PF-07321332, PF-07304814, GC376), inhibitors of viral RNA (remdesivir, favipiravir, molnupiravir, AT-527, merimepodib, PTC299); inhibitors of host proteins supporting virus (plitidepsin, fluvoxamine, ivermectin) and agents supporting host natural immunity (Interferons).When taking into account the results of all the available laboratory and clinical trials on the subject, monoclonal antibodies are seem to be the most effective treatment for COVID-19 at the moment and high-titer convalescent plasma also could be effective when administered during the early phase of the disease. As lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, merimepodib, and umifenovir were found to be ineffective in RCTs, they should not be used. Additional studies are needed to define the role of remdesivir, favipiravir, interferons, ivermectin, dutasteride, proxulutamide, fluvoxamine, bromhexine, nitazoxanide and niclosamid in the treatment of COVID-19.Finally, the results of phase trials are waited to learn whether or not the newer agents Silindi: Anti-viral Silindi: Although 18 months have been passed since the beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic, an effective antiviralantiviral treatment still has yet to be found. The big achievement of finding highly effective vaccines was not repeated in the case of anti-viralantiviral treatment. It is obvious that the success of mRNA vaccines mainly relies on nearly 30 years' hard work of numerous scientists. Despite warnings of scientists and policymakers in the field to be prepared for the next pandemic since the 2003 SARS epidemic, pharmaceutical companies and researchers ignored the warns. ¶ Investigated antiviral drugs Silindi: can basically be divided into 2 main groups Silindi: or RNA Silindi: that were investigated or under investigation for the treatment of COVID-19

Background: Infection with the influenza A virus can cause severe disease and mortality. The effect of the different subtypes of influenza on morbidity and mortality is not yet known in Turkey. The aim of this study was to describe the predictors of fatality related to influenza A infection among hospitalized patients in Istanbul during the 2015-2016 influenza season, and to detail the differences between infections caused by H3N2 and H1N1. Methods: This was a multicenter study performed by the Istanbul Respiratory Infections Study Group of The Turkish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (KL _ IM _ IK), among patients hospitalized for influenza in Istanbul during the 2015-2016 influenza season. Results: A total of 222 patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza during the 2015-2016 season were included in the study, of whom 25 (11.2%) died. The fatality rate was significantly higher among patients older than 65 years of age and those with chronic heart and kidney diseases (p < 0.001), chronic neurological diseases (p = 0.009), and malignancies (p = 0.021). Thrombocyte counts were lower in those who died than in those who survived (p < 0.004). The median alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine phosphokinase, and C-reactive protein levels were higher among fatal cases. In the multivariate analysis for the prediction of fatality, being >65 years old (odds ratio (OR) 6.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.07-23.08, p = 0.002), being infected with influenza A (H3N2) (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.27-14.38, p = 0.019), and a 1-day delay in antiviral use (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.01-1.63, p = 0.036) were found to be associated with an increased likelihood of fatality. Conclusions: The case fatality rate of influenza A(H3N2) was significantly higher than that of influenza A (H1N1). Detection of the infection, allowing the opportunity for the early use of antiviral agents, was found to be important for the prevention of fatality. The vaccination should be prioritized for at-risk groups.

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