Four new species of oak gallwasps, Andricus ahmeti, A. anatolicus, A. bakrachus and A. turcicus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) are described from Turkey. All four species are known only from asexual females and induce galls on twigs and young shoots on Q. infectoria, Q. macranthera and Q. petraea. Data on the diagnosis, distribution and biology of the four new species are given. Andricus stonei and Aphelonyx kordestanica are listed for the first time for the Turkish oak gallwasp fauna.

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Two new species of oak gall wasps, Cynips izzetbaysali sp. nov. and Callirhytis afion sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) are described from Turkey. The new Cynips species is known only from asexual females and induces detachable leaf galls on Quercus infectoria. The sexual generation of the new Callirhytis species is known to induce acorn galls on Quercus cerris. Data on the diagnosis, distribution, and biology of the two new species are given.

http://www.eje.cz the Mediterranean in the south and western part of Anatolia, the Euro-Siberian in the northern part of Turkey and the Irano-Turanian region covering eastern, southeastern and central Anatolia (Zohary, 1973). It has been suggested that this mountain belt creates altitudinal differences on both sides that are associated with different ecological conditions, supporting distinct fl oristic and faunistic elements in Turkey by dividing the Irano-Turanian region into eastern and western parts (Ekim & Güner, 1986; Gür, 2016). T he active tectonic history of the Turkish landmass together with its neighbouring area was accompanied by cyclical changes in climate (Demirsoy, 2002). Recurrent events in the Late Miocene/Pliocene and the following Quaternary fl uctuations greatly infl uenced species and the lineage distribution of many taxa in Turkey (Kaya & Çiplak, 2016). I t is known that during the glacial periods species in the more northern latitudes moved to more suitable habitats in the south, and, conversely, taxa expanded their ranges towards the north when environmental conditions became more favourable (Hewitt, 2000). Likewise, species distributed in northern Europe moved to lower latitudes and survived in southern refugia (Hewitt, 2000). In addition to the Balkans, the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and Turkey acted as a refuge area in the Western Palearctic, allowing species to escape from the adverse effects of the recurrent

This study was conducted to contribute to the Turkish oak gall wasp fauna (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Oak cynipid galls were collected between 2011 and 2013 from different regions of Turkey; we found that Andricus assarehi, A. coriariformis, A. csokai, A. glandulae, Andricus legitimus, A. paradoxus, A. sadeghii, A. serotinus, A. stellatus, A. trotteri, Cynips longiventris, and Trigonaspis megaptera were new to the Turkish Cynipidae fauna. A new distribution range is also provided for the previously recorded gall wasp species Andricus pseudoaries.