Sperm bacterial contamination is quite frequent and could contribute to the deterioration of the sperm quality of infertile men.

The reduced response of gonadotrophins to GnRH in diabetic men may indicate a decreased acute releasable pool of pituitary gonadotrophins. The results of TEM examination showed that sperm from men with diabetes presented severe structural defects in comparison with sperm from controls. It is possible that the reproductive impairment recognized in men with diabetes could be the result of interference by the disease on the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis at multiple levels, as indicated by the reduced gonadotrophin response to appropriate stimuli and by the abnormal ultrastructure of ejaculated sperm. The defective spermatogenesis may be the consequence of a direct testicular effect of the disease.

No abstract

Non-medullary thyroid carcinoma (NMTC) is mostly sporadic, but familial clustering is described. We aimed to compare the features of patients with sporadic and familial NMTC (FNMTC) patients and to assess whether FNMTC patients with parent-child relationship exhibit the 'anticipation' phenomenon (earlier age at disease onset and increased severity in successive generations). Among 300 NMTCs followed in the Section of Endocrinology (University of Siena, Italy), 34 (11.3%) patients, all with the papillary histotype, (16 kindred), met the criteria of FNMTC. Twenty-seven of them (79.4%) exhibited a parent-child relationship and seven (20.6%) a sibling relationship. These patients were compared with 235 patients with sporadic papillary thyroid cancer (PTCs). To analyze the features of FNMTC of the first and second generations, we cumulated the series of Siena with 32 additional FNMTC patients (15 kindred) from the Department of Endocrinology-Endocrine Oncology, Thessaloniki, Greece. Significant difference between sporadic PTC and FNMTC patients included more frequent tumor multifocality (PZ0.001) and worse final outcome in FNMTC patients (PZ0.001). Among 47 FNMTC with parent-child relationship, we found an earlier age at disease presentation (P!0.0001), diagnosis (P!0.0001), and disease onset (PZ0.04) in the second generation when compared with the first generation. Patients in the second generation were more frequently males (PZ0.02); their tumors were more frequently multifocal (PZ0.003) and bilateral (PZ0.01), had higher rate of lymph node metastases at surgery (PZ0.02) and worse outcome (PZ0.04) when compared with the first generation. In conclusion, FNMTC displays the features of clinical 'anticipation' with the second generation acquiring the disease at an earlier age and having more advanced disease at presentation.

From the data presented, it appears that some very peculiar and rare sperm defects may have a genetic basis since they occur more frequently in consanguineous patients, and are related to different degrees of consanguinity. Since the ejaculate of the remaining patients, both consanguineous and not, showed diverse types of ultrastructural sperm anomalies that did not affect the entire sperm population, they might represent pathologies lacking a genetic basis.