Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is
widely utilized to synthesize
graphene with controlled properties for many applications, especially
when continuous films over large areas are required. Although hydrocarbons
such as methane are quite efficient precursors for CVD at high temperature
(∼1000 °C), finding less explosive and safer carbon sources
is considered beneficial for the transition to large-scale production.
In this work, we investigated the CVD growth of graphene using ethanol,
which is a harmless and readily processable carbon feedstock that
is expected to provide favorable kinetics. We tested a wide range
of synthesis conditions (i.e., temperature, time, gas ratios), and
on the basis of systematic analysis by Raman spectroscopy, we identified
the optimal parameters for producing highly crystalline graphene with
different numbers of layers. Our results demonstrate the importance
of high temperature (1070 °C) for ethanol CVD and emphasize the
significant effects that hydrogen and water vapor, coming from the
thermal decomposition of ethanol, have on the crystal quality of the
synthesized graphene.
Previous studies demonstrated that excitatory (high frequency) offline transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) modulates attention allocation on threatening stimuli in non-clinical samples. These studies only employed offline TMS protocol that did not allow investigating the effect of the stimulation on the early stage of threat processing. In this study, the role of the right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in early threat processing was investigated in high and low anxious individuals by means of an inhibitory single-pulse online TMS protocol. Our results demonstrated the role of the left DLPFC in an early stage of threat processing and that this effect is modulated by individuals' anxiety level. The inhibitory stimulation of the left DLPFC determined a disengagement bias in high anxious individuals, while the same stimulation determined an attentional avoidance in low anxious individuals. The findings of the present study suggest that right and left DLPFC are differently involved in early threat processing of healthy individuals.
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