The article highlights the prehistory and history of the Institute of Man of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which was founded thirty years ago. The creation of the Institute of Man was the result of a powerful scientific and social movement, united by the interest in the problem of man. The scientific program of the Institute of Man was based on a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach to human research, developed by academician I.T. Frolov. The result of the deployment of complex human studies was the creation of scientific institutions, training courses, departments and faculties, almanacs and journals, dictionaries, anthologies and encyclopedias, the allocation of an official specialty in philosophical anthropology. The main milestones on the path of the formation of philosophical and anthropological research in the 1980s–1990s are traced. Much attention is paid to the interaction of philosophers with outstanding representatives of special sciences in the complex study of man. It is told about the state general academic program of humanitarian research, within the framework of which the creation of research structures for the comprehensive study of man was financed. The main scientific results of the Institute of Man of the Russian Academy of Sciences are summarized and the difficulties that the Institute faced during its existence are highlighted.
In the article, using the example of what happened to the Nizhny Novgorod philosopher I.B. Liogonkiy examines the main components of the practice of the campaign for the fight against cosmopolitanism carried out in the post-war Soviet Union at the direction of Stalin. I.B. Liogonky is the first candidate of philosophical sciences who defended his dissertation in the city of Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod). In 1949, he was fired from Gorky University and subjected to unjustified persecution as part of a campaign to fight against cosmopolitanism. The colleagues of I.B. Liogonky were interested in this, who took his place. The declarations of the campaign to fight against cosmopolitanism diverged from the actual practice of the campaign, which took on an anti-Semitic character. The indirect result of this was the erosion of communist ideology in the Soviet Union.
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