Ocular immune privilege probably contributed to the spontaneous resolution of ASPPC in this patient, who experienced immune recovery following antiretroviral therapy. The RPE immunologic characteristics likely contained the infectious/inflammatory infiltrate in this patient and prevented extension to inner retina and optic disc. Despite the uniqueness of the present case and the spontaneous resolution and excellent visual outcome, it remains essential to promptly manage patients with ocular syphilis because of the possible sight-threatening complications and to prevent potentially fatal disease.

<p>The management of olive groves has a direct impact on the environment in the Mediterranean region since it is one of the most representative crops in this area. In order to prevent erosion and improve the physical-chemical conditions of the soil in these crops, the maintenance of weed cover in the alleys is an increasingly common practice. It increases the organic carbon content in the soil, improves biodiversity indices and enhances various ecosystem services such as pollination and infiltration. Now, the role of vegetation cover in olive groves on biogeochemical cycles is being studied. Although previous studies have quantified the combined effect of weed cover and olive trees on carbon and water at ecosystem level, the role of this conservation practice at the leaf level has not yet been explored.</p><p>The aim of this study is to quantify the effect of weed cover on the net CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation (A<sub>n</sub>) and transpiration (T) rates in an irrigated olive grove. To do this, two plots of olive trees with irrigation (Olea europea L. "Arbequina") in southeast Spain were sampled. In the weed-cover one (WC), spontaneous vegetation is maintained until it is mechanically mowed and left in place. In the weed-free (WF) a glyphosate-based herbicide is applied. The data were taken with a portable gas analyzer (LI-6800, Li-Cor) controlling the following environmental variables on olive leaves: atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, relative humidity, photosynthetic active radiation and temperature. One campaign per month was carried out (from January-2018 to January-2019) where 10 random trees were analysed in each treatment. In addition, an eddy covariance tower provided CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O fluxes at ecosystem level and they were compared with the fluxes obtained from leaf-level campaigns.</p><p>The results shown significant differences for T only in the period after mowing with T<sub>wc</sub>= 2.0 ± 0.7 mmol H<sub>2</sub>O m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> vs T<sub>wf </sub>= 2.5 ± 1.0 mmol H<sub>2</sub>O m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>. However, in this period ET is equal in both treatments, which suggests that the alleys with mowed weed has more ET than bare soil in the other treatment. On the other hand, there are significant differences for A<sub>net</sub> only in the period before mowing with A<sub>net-wc</sub> = 5.5 ± 3.1 μmol CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> vs A<sub>net-wf</sub> = 8.0 ± 3.6 μmol CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>. When the weeds are mowed, A<sub>net</sub> is matched in both treatments. However, higher values of NEE<sub>wc</sub> than NEE<sub>wf  </sub>are observed in the period before mowing. This suggest that the weed-cover olive groves at ecosystem level take up more carbon when the weed-cover is established although the leaves of olive trees are capturing less CO<sub>2</sub>.</p>

<p>Olive groves occupy a large area in the Mediterranean and their management has repercussions on the carbon cycle in this region.  Weed suppression is the most common management in this crop, but its implications for soil respiration (R<sub>soil</sub>) are not well estimated due to the lack in continuous R<sub>soil</sub> measurements. In this research we present a full year of R<sub>soil</sub> in an irrigated olive grove in which a glyphosate-based herbicide was applied to prevent spontaneous weeds (conventional management). For that, an automatic multi-chamber R<sub>soil</sub> system was used (LI-8100 + LI-8150 with 6 chambers, Li-Cor). In addition, soil temperature (T<sub>soil</sub>) and soil water content (SWC) were measured next to each chamber. To study the influence of olive trees on R<sub>soil</sub>, 3 chambers were placed near the olive trunk and another 3 in the middle of the alleys.</p> <p>Results show seasonal and spatial variability, with higher R<sub>soil</sub> in warm months and lower R<sub>soil</sub> in cold months. Also, R<sub>soil</sub> near the trunk was always larger than in the alleys. The spatial difference increased in the cold months. Diurnal variability was observed with higher R<sub>soil</sub> as the soil temperature increased in the alleys, but this was not observed near the trunks. Under the canopy, a decrease in the R<sub>soil</sub> is observed as the VPD increases, suggesting a major contribution of autotrophic respiration under the canopy. In addition, there is no positive and negative relationship with temperature and SWC under the canopy, while in the alleys, a strong hysteresis occurs in some periods. Finally, rain events were followed by R<sub>soil</sub> peaks. However, low intensity and short duration rain pulses did not manifest on the ground under the olive canopy, so interception is inhibiting this process in part of the agrosystem.</p> <p>This work was supported by the projects PID2020-117825GB-C21 & PID2020-117825GB-C22 (INTEGRATYON3), B-RNM-60-UGR20 (OLEAGEIs) and P18-RT-3629 (ICAERSA) including European Union ERDF funds.</p>

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