The yields of fresh papaya latex, dry latex (crude papain) and proteolytic activity were studied with respect to fruit age (1.5-3 months); sex of the tree (those which produce fruit: female and hermaphrodite); time (5.30 a.m.-2.00 p.m.) of latex collection; pattern and frequency of fruit incisions. The yields from 250 randomly selected trees (750 fruits) were investigated under these different conditions. Yields of fresh latex are frequently unreliable guides to yields of proteolytic activity. In contrast to the literature recommendations, the yields of crude papain from female and hermaphrodite trees and during different periods of the day were similar. The proteolytic activity differs significantly with time of collection only with hermaphrodite trees. The proteolytic activity of hermaphrodite crude papain is usually less than that from females (under some conditions only 60% of that from females). Yields of crude papain were higher in older fruits (2.5-3 months) from both sexes. The proteolytic activity of the crude papain was highest in the younger fruits (1.5-2 months) from female trees (30% higher than from older fruits); these activity differences with age were not significant with hermaphrodite trees. No significant differences in crude papain yields were encountered using three or six incisions per fruit at weekly intervals. The optimum procedure is to tap 2.5-3-month-old fruit of both sexes with three incisions between dawn and the start of rains in early afternoon, at about 4-day intervals.
A range of latex storage and air drying conditions were studied with regard to the proteolytic activity of the dried latex (‘crude papain’). The optimum drying temperature is between 50–55°C, activity losses on drying can be restricted to about 7% under these conditions. The activity of crude papain is the same if it is derived either from exuded latex or from that portion (about 20% of latex yield) which coagulates on the fruit surface on tapping. Latex storage at tropical ambient for 2–24 h prior to drying (with or without exposure to sunlight) causes maximum losses of about 20% in the proteolytic activity of the crude papain. Sodium chloride addition has an anti‐coagulating effect on latex and accelerates the later stages of drying. Contrary to earlier reports, this causes a decreased activity in the product, which may be related to changes in latex pH. Addition of EDTA or sodium bisulphite, singly or in combination, protects the latex activity (increases of 20–25% relative to controls).
En este estudio se prepararon microcápsulas del conjugado lignina -proteína - quitosano. Con el objetivo de preparar "monómeros bien definidos (fenoles)", y utilizarlos en la síntesis de las microcápsulas, se realizó la fragmentación vía enzimática de diferentes ligninas. La producción de los fenoles se realizó en un reactor con una suspensión de la lignina a un pH 6.8, en buffer de citrato 1M, durante 6 horas a 37ºC y utilizando enzimas de los cultivos de G. trabeum y P. chrysosporiumin. En la preparación de las microcápsulas se empleó una disolución de quitosano en ácido acético, el cual fue mezclado con una disolución acuosa de lignina - proteína. El conjugado de lignina - proteína -quitosano se obtuvo mediante la interacción por enlaces de hidrógeno, producto de la disponibilidad de grupos amino e hidroxilo de los constituyentes. Esta interacción permitió el desarrollo de materiales estables tales como nanopartículas y biomembranas, las cuales poseen un potencial novedoso en aplicaciones en la industria médica y de la agronomía.
Incompatibilidades de interfase en la interacción entre las micropartículas biológicas que normalmente circulan en la sangre y la superficie de los implantes de biomateriales están normalmente asociadas con posteriores reacciones de rechazo por parte del sistema inmune. Ello requiere un modelo explicativo de la conducta observada en la interface de los liposomas y las plaquetas en contacto con biomateriales y superficies inorgánicas. Por lo tanto, el análisis de la relación entre el equilibrio iónico de las fuerzas de superficie de atracción entre liposoma -superficie /grado de deformación y el cambio en las propiedades de la superficie de las nanopartículas liposomales absorbidas por la modificación de superficie de los liposomas con biopolímeros como el quitosano. Se ha hecho progreso en la comprensión de la dinámica de las interfaces para la consistencia de diferentesvesículas de lípidos como modelo, y se ha encontrado que el recubrimiento de biopolímero de vesículas de lípidos con quitosano proporciona mejor estabilidad física y un aumento en la interfaz entre los biomateriales y nanopartículas inorgánicas biomiméticas.
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