Vehicular networks is a key technology for efficiently communicating both user’s devices and cars for timely information regarding safe driving conditions and entertaining applications like social media, video streaming, and gaming services, among others. In view of this, mobile communications making use of cellular resources may not be an efficient and cost-effective alternative. In this context, the implementation of light-fidelity (LiFi) in vehicular communications could be a low-cost, high-data-rate, and efficient-bandwidth usage solution. In this work, we propose a mathematical analysis to study the average throughput in a road intersection equipped with a traffic light that operates as a server, which is assumed to have LiFi communication links with the front lights of the vehicles waiting for the green light. We further assume that the front vehicle (the car next to the traffic light) is able to communicate to the car immediately behind it by using its own tail lights and the front lights of such vehicle, and so on and so forth. The behavior of the road junction is modeled by a Markov chain, applying the Queueing theory with an M/M/1 system in order to obtain the average queue length. Then, Little’s theorem is applied to calculate the average waiting delay when the red light is present in the traffic light. Finally, the mathematical expression of the data throughput is derived.

Using radio scanners to wirelessly identify consumer is not too complex in reality. The current form of this technology known as radio frequency identification, or RFID, has three building blocks: small tags built around microchips that carry a digital identification code; scanners also known as readers; and networking hardware and software to link scanners to computer databases. In this paper we describe the implementation of a mobile RFID reader using a PDA, an OEM flash card reader module, RFID passive tags and a database. The reader opens a serial port and then reads a tag to use it as an index key in the database to access and show the record associated to the tag. Any change is wirelessly synchronized to a database server.

Communication by light or VLC by its acronym in English (Visible Light Communication), uses visible light from light emitting diodes (LEDs) to transmit information. Using a computing device and some hardware, the transmission of information is performed driving and modulating the light emitted by the LEDs. In the receiver side, the information carried by the modulated light is demodulated through a photo-detector, which is usually connected to a similar computing device for the final recovering of the information. In this article we describe an application based on VLC using OOK (On-Off Keying) modulation, to transmit color images from a RaspBerry Pi computer (using Python as the programming language), and several modules (LEDs and a sensor light) from LittleBits.

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