The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is one of the core reactions in energy conversion processes. OER requires further investigations to overcome its high overvoltage (η) problem. A promising catalytic activity of carbonaceous materials doped with Fe and N (Fe−N−C catalysts) has been reported. Recently, a low-η OER phenomenon was observed on step-edge enriched Fe−N−C catalysts in diluted alkaline electrolytes. In this study, the low-η OER was investigated using an Fe−N−C model surface with elongated step edges in an extreme opposite environment, i.e., highly concentrated metal trifluoromethanesulfonates as water-in-salt electrolytes (WiSEs). The OER was suppressed in the WiSEs but was substantially enhanced through the addition of an alkaline electrolyte, MOH (M = Li, Na, K), and the low-η OER was observed on the Fe−N−C surface with the elongated step edges. However, the current was still lower than that in the diluted electrolyte when the cations used were Na + and K + . By contrast, the current increased in the case of Li + , and the highest current was observed in the case of the MOH-added WiSE. This was further elucidated via the Raman spectroscopy of the electrolytes and the theoretical analysis of the OER current−potential curves.

In the rural Mekong Delta in Vietnam, social transformations, particularly rapid urbanization in the area, taking place in the last fifteen years have profound effects on rural family life. For the Vietnamese people in the Delta, family is not only at the core of their daily lives, but it also constitutes the social, economic, and spiritual world that is centered on agriculture. However, today a growing number of people have jobs in urban areas. How does working outside of family farming shape lives of the people in the rural Mekong Delta in Vietnam and how does that affect their family values? The article analyzes how working people’s income is spent, how consumer culture is entering the rural family life, and how new social relationships outside of family is being shaped. A number of studies have been conducted on working children, especially daughters, and their families in East and Southeast Asian societies since the end of the twentieth century. However, people in the Delta live in a peculiar social situation where the economic system was shifted from socialist one to a free market system, and development, industrialization and urbanization are happening not only rapidly, but also suddenly. This article offers new insights into the shifting social world of Asian families by adding a particular case of the people in the Mekong Delta, who maintain strong connections to their families under Vietnam’s social transformations.

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