This study aims to subdivide consumers by attributes determined mainly by consumers of fresh ginseng.It is to compare and analyze the characteristics by cluster, and to deduce the implications on distribution and marketing. For this study, a survey was conducted targeting 250 consumers of fresh ginseng. The factors were deduced through performing the exploratory factor analysis on the results of the survey, and the consumers of fresh ginseng were classified through cluster analysis. As a result of the study, the attributes considered for the purchase of fresh ginseng were condensed to the three factors: physical characteristic factor, safety factor, and cultivation indication information factor. With these as the standard, the consumers of fresh ginseng were subdivided into the three clusters: safety-oriented consumption type, label-centered consumption type, and high involvement consumption type. It was found that there were differences in demographic characteristics and attributes considered for purchase of fresh ginseng by cluster analysis. This study suggests the

Cameroon, with her numerous resources, still depends on foreign aid while the rate of poverty remains high. Thus, even though historical evidence gives impetus to the impasse over role of developmental aid, from the top down approach through to development as a springboard raising states from the doldrums of poverty, it is still very difficult to draw a substantial relationship between developmental aid and poverty reduction. Against this backdrop of controversy, I find it apt to put Cameroon on a balance scale. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to critically assess the implications of developmental aid on poverty reduction and agro-rural development in Cameroon, using the RUMPI Area Development Project in the South West region of Cameroon as a case study. The study will situate and contextualize the top-down and bottom-up approaches to development within the basis of a Cameroonian perspective, using the Sachs-Easterly debate. The RUMPI Project was introduced with the objective of improving agriculture and empowering the rural woman; thereby fighting poverty within the South West region of Cameroon. Despite its criticism of the barriers to development created by corruption, political pressure and limited use of local and grass-root partnerships, the study, in assessing these failures also tries to outline vital ways in which the project can be improved upon.

Elemental quantification of several single crystalline TEM samples of intermediate thickness range that cannot be quantified by the thin-film approximation method and the ZAF correction were investigated using wedge-shaped samples of known thickness fabricated by the FIB technique. "Thickness factor (TF)" and "Thickness correction coefficient (TC)" were proposed as error correction items of "thin-film approximation method" to minimize the quantitative error that occurs when quantifying samples of intermediate thickness with TEM-EDS. As the result of TF correction, the quantification error in an Al2O3 TEM sample by TEM-EDS was reduced from about 52.15% to less than 3.28 (± 2.57) % by the correction of only one time. The self-absorption corrected line profiles and self-absorption corrected elemental mapping images in TEM samples of intermediate thickness range were also obtained by TF correction. As an example of application by TF correction, we proposed a novel method measuring thin-film thickness in normal TEM without the EELS system. The TF correction technique is a unique method to overcome the limitation of EDS quantification in the intermediate thickness range. This technique can effectively quantify characteristic X-ray lines less than 1,000 eV in the sample having intermediate thickness ranges using the conventional TEM-EDS system. It is expected to contribute significantly to understanding various characteristics or material nature related to material composition and sample thickness in nanomaterials because it provides more precise quantitative analysis information than current commercial EDS systems.