Research on workplace harassment initially emerged in Sweden, 1 and similar research efforts began to emerge in the United Kingdom and Germany in the early 1990s. 2 Related laws and concepts began to emerge in the 2000s, and workplace harassment was increasingly recognized as a social issue of public interest. 3,4 While each country has slightly different workplace harassment definitions, in 2003, the International Labour Organization (ILO) 4 defined workplace harassment as 'violence and harassment' that involves behaviours, practices or threats 'that aim at, result in, or are likely to result in physical, psychological, sexual, or economic harm'.Workplace harassment can take various forms 4 and can also lead to hostile work environments, which, in turn, can result in serious

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Background: Oral care reduces the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. In addition, it is important that critically ill patients to maintain their oral health in order to restore their quality of life and to receive adequate nutrition after recovery. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of professional oral hygiene care (POHC) on the oral health status of patients using a ventilator. Methods: Fifty-seven ventilated trauma patients were admitted to a tertiary medical institution. For 5 days, the dental hygienist performed POHC every 24 h along with routine oral hygiene care (ROHC) every 8 h for the experimental group (Exp.) (n = 29), whereas only ROHC was provided the control group (Cont.) (n = 28). Oral health status was evaluated using a modified bedside oral exam (MBOE). Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in the total MBOE score up to 48 h after admission. However, the difference between the two groups was significant for MBOE (F = 16.10, p = 0.000), gingiva (F = 6.02, p = 0.018), buccal mucosa (F = 4.21, p = 0.046), and dental plaque score after 72 h (F = 13.15, p = 0.000). Conclusion: This study confirms the importance of POHC in improving the oral health.