Water deer (Hydropotes inermis) belong to the genus Hydropotes, which is ecologically well adapted for environments ranging from desert to forest. Water deer tend to occupy the richest areas between forest and grasslands. There are two distinct subspecies in far East Asia: one in China (H. inermis inermis), and the other in Korea (H. inermis argyropus). Despite being listed as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, little is known about the water deer. The species occurs in most areas of the Korean peninsula, except for Seoul and Jeju Island. Kyunggi Province near Seoul showed the lowest rate (56%) due to urbanization. There was a high difference in their presence between inland (81%) and coastal (60%) areas . In addition, large cities (67%) showed much lower rates than did rural areas (83%) where human population size is relatively low. Water deer are distributed differently based on habitat type, with differences in mean density observed among lowland (6.93 ind./km 2 ), mountainous (1.91), and urban (1.27) areas. There was also a difference in mean density between low-elevation and highelevation areas. Finally, whereas the deer preferred landscapes with 20°-25°of slope and broadleaf forest (P \ 0.01), they did not avoid areas with other types of slopes and habitats.

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ab s t r ac tA riparian buffer strip (RBS) that locates in boundaries between streams and lands efficiently and sustainably performs ecological functions and reduces non-point pollution as a multipurpose practice. The present paper investigates the feasibility of introducing a riparian buffering strip for protection of the Paldang Lake and the Han River in Korea from worsening ecological environment and water quality. For experiments, a pilot RBS (five types of plants) appropriate for the conditions of targeted watersheds was set up and tested according to the pollution loads and area precipitation. The measurements show that suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen (T-N), and total phosphorus (T-P) decrease by more than 50% within the 20 m width of the pilot RBS and, at the maximum, decline by up to 84%, 87%, and 98% respectively depending on a plant type in the pilot RBS. The catchment area per 1 ha in the pilot RBS was 12 ha. In case a 20-m wide RBS is set up in the watershed with the biggest agricultural area (72,049 ha) among the three unit-watersheds in the upper reaches of the Paldang Lake, the catchment area per the RBS of 1 ha can be estimated as 4 ha leading to reduction of agricultural non-point pollution loads by more than 79%. From the findings, the introduction of RBS is expected to be appropriate and versatile for reduction of agricultural non-point pollution and improvement of ecological conditions.

This study was carried out to suggest principles & guidelines necessary for setting up of the assessment system applied in Korean stream. The work was based on the review and discussion of advanced stream assessment techniques and its adjustment for Korean stream condition and management status. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows: Firstly, stream assessment system has been developed from the fact that geomorphological structures and chemical qualities forming stream system in the hierarchy, were closely correlated to the biological diversity through temporal and spatial scales. Therefore, Korean stream assessment system must be developed with a sufficient consideration on the characteristics of stream conditions as well as actual status of stream management. The other side, those advanced and standardized assessment system, which has been originated from a long experienced lessons on stream management, interdisciplinary knowledge and techniques, represented much logic consistence in view of basic components such as aims for assessment, establishment of assesment indicators and criteria, selection of reference conditions. Accordingly, our assessment system must be also progressed towards scientifically oriented and integrated system which reflects our real stream surroundings and also includes some principles and process and techniques reviewed in advanced system.