Due to its salient features, the optical burst switch is becoming a key technology for the optical Internet. Within this technology, the survivability issue in the optical Internet has to be addressed because a simple failure causes severe damage to the huge amount of data carried in optical fiber. In this paper, we introduce a restoration procedure that can provide good survivability in the optical burst switch (OBS)‐based optical Internet. OBS restoration can survive various types of network failure while maintaining good network performance. We propose novel restoration mechanisms, namely, “temporary Label Switched Path (LSP)” and “bossy LSP,” to enhance restoration time and network utilization. The simulation results verify that the proposed OBS restoration achieves good network performance and provides good network connectivity as well.

Demand response (DR) is a voluntary program that encourages related stakeholders, in this case electricity consumers, to cut down on usage during periods of high electricity load. One key to fully exploiting DR is to encourage residential customers to join the DR program. Unlike in the DR programs for commercial and industrial customers, for the successful operation of the residential DR program, several issues have to be addressed, one of which is to provide a group-level incentive to participating customers. In particular, the issue comes up when the incentive calculated for a group is not equal to the aggregated incentives for each customer (i.e., non-equal incentive problem). The non-equal incentive problem deteriorates the successful operation of residential DR by decreasing the motivation of DR operators and customers. We first prove the non-equal incentive problem through mathematical and experimental methods. We then propose the novel single group-based indirect incentive calculation method. The basic idea of our approach is to indirectly calculate the incentive for each customer not using the customer's data but using the data of other customers of the same DR group. Through experiments involving the electricity usage data of 42,193 households and the real DR events in Korea, we show that our method solves the non-equal incentive problem in most cases. Furthermore, our method improves the accuracy of the baseline estimation (used for calculating the contribution).

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In this paper we propose policy-based congestion control scheme to provide differentiated service for different classes in 3GPP WCDMA wireless access networks. Specifically, in the early stage of congestion it tries to resolve it by adapting channel's service rate according to the policy set by a operator. Nevertheless if the congestion still exists, it applies channel switching and rejection to services. As a result, the service quality of the higher class becomes better while the wireless resource is able to be efficiently managed.