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Bentazone is a broadleaf post-emergence herbicide widely used for crop production that inhibits photosynthetic activity, resulting in phytotoxicity and injury in plants. Evaluating and identifying herbicide-tolerant genotypes is a critical step in plant breeding programs. In this study, we determined the reaction of 138 Korean soybean cultivars to bentazone using visual evaluation, and selected cultivars were further evaluated to determine the effects of bentazone on physiological parameters. For physiological parameters, we measured the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from hyperspectral reflectance images. From 2 to 4 DAT, the NDVI for two sensitive cultivars was between 0.60 and 0.69, while the NDVI for tolerant cultivars was between 0.70 and 0.86. Photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gsw), and total conductance of CO2 (gtc) were measured using chlorophyll fluorescence. Visual score evaluation showed that moderate bentazone-tolerant cultivars were predominant among the Korean cultivars. For physiological measurements, differences in NDVI were detected between bentazone-tolerant and -sensitive cultivars 2 days after treatment (DAT). However, the A, E, gsw, and gtc levels dramatically decreased 1 DAT in the sensitive cultivars. This study provides insights into the tolerance and sensitivity of soybeans to bentazone.

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The present study investigated the effects of non-equilibrium condensation with the angle of attack on the coefficients of pressure, lift, and drag in the transonic 2-D flow of NACA0012 by numerical analysis of the total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme. At T 0 =298 K and α=3 o , the lift coefficients for M ∞ =0.78 and 0.81 decreased monotonically with increasing Φ 0 . In contrast, for M ∞ corresponding to the Mach number of the force break, C L increased with Φ 0 . For α=3 o and Φ 0 =0%, C D increased markedly as M ∞ increased. However, at Φ 0 =60% and α=3 o , which corresponded to the case of the condensation having a large influence, C D increased slightly as M ∞ increased. The decrease in profile drag by non-equilibrium condensation grew as the angle of attack and stagnation relative humidity increased for the same free stream transonic Mach number. At Φ 0 =0%, the coefficient of the wave drag increased with the attack angle and free stream Mach number. When Φ 0 ＞50%, the coefficient of the wave drag decreased as α and M ∞ increased. Lowering Φ 0 and increasing M ∞ increased the maximum Mach number. § 이 논문은 2014년도 대한기계학회 유체공학부문 춘계학술 대회(2014. 5. 15.-16., 부산 해운대 한화콘도) 발표논문임.