Introduction Dental caries is an infectious disease with predominantly of cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans (S mutans). Xylitol is considered as one of the effective agents that can limit this dental infection. In this randomised, placebo‐controlled trial, we aimed to evaluate the potential reflection of short‐term xylitol consumption on pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐8) and S mutans counts by ELISA and qPCR (Quantitative real‐time PCR), respectively. Methods In this study, 154 participants were assigned to two groups, control and xylitol. Dental examination, saliva and swab samples were done at baseline and at 3‐week for clinical and microbiological assessment. Results In xylitol group at the end of 3‐week, gingival and plaque index scores were significantly decreased with respect to baseline values (P < .001 and P < .05, respectively). The salivary concentration of TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐8 were statistically declined at 3‐week, more so than those at baseline in xylitol group (P < .001). S mutans expression was reduced about fivefold at 3‐week use of xylitol and it was a statistically significant difference compared to baseline (P < .001). Conclusion Intriguingly, even short‐term consumption of xylitol might play a favourable role in maintaining the oral health status, possibly as a result of decreasing the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and the counts of S mutans. Nonetheless, this investigation warrants further endorsement.

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The principles of management of mandibular fractures differ in children when compared to adults and depend on the specific age-related status of the growing mandible and the developing dentition. This paper presents a case report with a complex facial trauma affecting the mandibular body and condyle region and dentoalveolar complex. Clinical examination revealed soft tissue injuries, limited mouth opening, lateral deviation of the mandible, an avulsed incisor, a subluxated incisor, and a fractured crown. CBCT examination revealed a nondisplaced fracture and an oblique greenstick fracture of the mandibular body and unilateral fracture of the condyle. Closed reduction technique was chosen to manage fractures of the mandible. Favorable healing outcomes on multiple fractures of the mandible throughout the 6-year follow-up period proved the success of the conservative treatment. This case report is important since it presents a variety of pathological sequelae to trauma within one case.

In this chapter, epidemiology of dental trauma will be discussed in terms of its incidence and prevalence among primary and permanent dentition. Dental trauma causes and its distribution in accordance with age and sex will be highlighted. Classification of dental trauma based on soft and hard tissue injuries will be outlined, and subsequently, clinical examination and diagnosis will be featured. Treatment modalities and variations between permanent and primary dentition will be discussed along with the new treatment era namely regenerative approach and decoronation. Splints, techniques, and follow-up routines will also be discussed. Last but not least, prevention of dental trauma will be discussed.

Background/Aims There is a lack of information about the incidence of dental trauma in Turkish children with disabilities and those in detention centers. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of dental trauma in two groups estimated to have high‐potential risk, young prisoners and disabled children, compared with healthy peers. Materials and methods A total of 530 children were included in the study. The participants were divided into three groups: Disability Group (n=238), Imprisoned Children Group (n=231) and school children (n=61) as the Control Group. The occurrence of dental trauma was evaluated according to age and gender. Statistical evaluations were done by using SPSS statistics‐22 programme. Results The mean age of all participants was 14.85 ± 3.43 years. Males predominated (75.8%). In the Imprisoned Children Group, not only maxillary and mandibular incisors but also canines had dental trauma. Time of imprisonment and education level did not have any significant effect on dental trauma occurrence among children in detention centers. In the Disability Group, the disability type did not have any significant effect. In the Control Group, maxillary central incisors were the most traumatized teeth. The incidence of dental trauma was 11.3% in the Imprisoned Children Group, 4.6% in the Disability Group, and 9.8% in the Control Group. There was a significant difference among the three groups (p:0.027; p<0.05). Conclusion Dental trauma incidence may differ among disabled, imprisoned, and healthy children. Hence, children from different parts of the community should be included in epidemiological studies to provide a more accurate incidence of dental trauma.