In the last decade, a great deal of research has focused on the determination of potential toxic metals in indoors due to an important source of the toxicity and health risks. The previous studies have commonly focused determination of total concentration of metals and identification the microorganisms in dust. On the other hand, determination bio-relevant forms (e.g., inhalable) of metals instead of total contents, examination the behavior of microorganism under these bio-relevant conditions and revealing the interaction between metals and pathogens is vital and necessary for realistic approach. However, previous studies have been ignored these topics in this field. Therefore, the present study aimed to (i) investigate metals in household dusts extracted in simulated body fluids by inhalation, (ii) examine the culturable pathogen responses in the presence of household dusts extracted in simulated body fluids, and (iii) assess their relations and risks using the model approaches by inhalation. Here, 25 household-dusts were extracted in four simulated body fluids to determine bio-relevant forms of metals (specifically using inhalation fluids). Moreover, four clinically important pathogens were incubated in the presence of household-dusts extracted in simulated body fluids. The activity, biofilm, biochemical and oxidative responses of pathogens were measured following household-dust exposures. Afterward, the relationship between metals and pathogens responses were evaluated, and model and derived approaches were used for risk assessments of metals and pathogens. The higher daily intake metal values obtained in artificial lysosomal fluid fraction of household dust that mimicking the inflammatory condition compared to other body fluids. The highest risk of the pathogens originated by biofilm formation.

No abstract

In obesity, an increased fatty tissue brings many physical and biochemical pathologies (1,2).Ghrelin is an acylated peptide which contains 28 amino acids and it is primarily produced in the stomach and the proximal small intestine (4). Ghrelin activates the hypothalamus and other related systems in the brain, therefore increasing gastrointestinal motility and decreasing insulin secretion (5). The growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) mediates the different actions of the synthetic growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) and the endogenous ligand of this Eur ABSTRACT Objective: Ghrelin is a hormone with peptide structure. It has fatty tissue and increases appetite. Obesity is a multifactorial chronic disease characterized by an increase in fat tissue. Fat tissue, like the endocrine organ, triggers oxidative stress and can lead to the development of obesity-related pathologies. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the ghrelin in blood, and oxidative stress and lipid parameters. Materials and Methods:The study was conducted with 61 obese and 24 healthy individuals. Ghreline levels were measured using the ELISA method, while total antioxidant status (TAS) and oxidant status (TOS), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured using the photometric method. Results:A negative correlation was found between body mass index (BMI) and ghrelin levels in the obese group (p<0.05). But there was no significant difference of ghrelin levels in obese and control groups (p>0.05). TAS was observed to be lower in obese compared to control group, while The Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) was found to be significantly higher than the obese group (p<0.05). TG levels were found to be increased in obese; whereas ghrelin, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C levels did not show any difference (p>0.05). Conclusion:Increasing obesity level (BMI) and decreasing ghrelin level were found to be correlated. New studies are needed in order to discover the changes in ghrelin level connected to oxidative stress.