Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common human pathogens that can cause gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, including simple gastritis, gastric ulcer, and malignant gastritis. In some cases, such as immunodeficiency and underlying diseases, it can be problematic as opportunistic infections. Diabetes mellitus (type 2) (T2DM) is one of the H. pylori underlying diseases. Since GI problems are observed in diabetic patients, it is necessary to treat H. pylori infection. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the possible relationship between H. pylori and T2DM according to epidemiological surveys of 70 studies retrieved from databases, including Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar about the relationship between H. pylori and T2DM, and discuss the reported background mechanisms of this correlation. According to the results of our study, the different studies have shown that H. pylori is more prevalent in Type 2 diabetic patients than healthy individuals or nondiabetic patients. The reason is development of H. pylori infection-induced inflammation and production of inflammatory cytokines as well as different hormonal imbalance by this bacterium, which are associated with diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, by tracing anti-H. pylori antibodies in patients with diabetes mellitus and occurrence of symptoms such as digestive problems in >75% of these patients, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between this bacterium and T2DM. Considering the evidence, it is crucially important that the probability of infection with H. pylori is evaluated in patients with T2DM so that medical process of the patient is followed with higher cautious.

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is among the top 10 resistant bacteria worldwide. Its extraordinary resistance is principally due to the function of quorum sensing genes, such as lasR and pqsR, which are mainly involved in antibiotic resistance. Objectives: This study aimed to examine possible mutations in lasR and pqsR in resistant clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Methods: We obtained 120 suspected isolates of P. aeruginosa from burn patients. The isolates were identified by biochemical tests and toxA gene analysis. The PCR products of LasR and PqsR genes were analyzed in seven resistant isolates. Then, the sequences were compared with a reference strain. Results: We verified Ninety-six isolates as absolute P. aeruginosa. According to antibiograms, 95.8% of the isolates were considered as multidrug-resistant, of which 87.5% were extensively drug-resistant. Based on DNA and protein sequences, only one missense mutation was observed, including R180Q in lasR and A314V in pqsR. While R180Q decreased the stability of LasR and had a deleterious impact on protein function, A314V had a neutral impact on the protein and increased PqsR protein stability. Also, two nonsense mutations in position E259 were observed in the PqsR protein. Conclusions: The lasR and pqsR genes possibly can play a key role in antibiotic resistance, but they are not the only factors. Hence, studying mutations helps design a promising antibiotic to overcome antibiotic resistance as much as possible.