BackgroundCannabis consumption exerts multiple effects on metabolism via various pathways, including glucose regulation and insulin secretion. Studies concerning the association between cannabis use and diabetes mellitus type 2 are discrepant.ObjectiveThis study was conducted to evaluate the association between cannabis use and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Search MethodsWe searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Proquest, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library with no time, language or study types restriction until July 1, 2022, using various forms of “cannabis” and “diabetes mellitus” search terms.Selection CriteriaRandomized control trials, cohort, and case–control studies investigating the relationship between cannabis consumption and diabetes mellitus type 2 were included.Data Collection and AnalysisThe Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of studies. We pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using the random‐effects model, generic inverse variance method, DerSimonian and Laird approach.Main ResultsA meta‐analysis of seven studies, containing 11 surveys and 4 cohorts, revealed that the odds of developing T2DM in individuals exposed to cannabis was 0.48 times (95% CI: 0.39 to 0.59) lower than in those without cannabis exposure.ConclusionsA protective effect of cannabis consumption on the odds of diabetes mellitus type 2 development has been suggested. Yet given the considerable interstudy heterogeneity, the upward trend of cannabis consumption and cannabis legalization is recommended to conduct studies with higher levels of evidence.

Objectives: To report the ischemic heart disease (IHD) burden and its risk factors among adults aged 70 and older in Iran in terms of sex, at both the national and provincial levels, from 1990 to 2019. Design: Systematic analysis. Outcome Measures: The modelled point prevalence of IHD, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were reported using data obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study, as counts and standardized rates, along with their related 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Results: In 2019, IHD had a point prevalence of 52886.4 per 100000 population for adults aged 70 and above in Iran, which was 7.5% higher than that in 1990, and a death rate of 1932.9, which was 22.0% lower than that in 1990. In 2019, the number of DALYs attributed to IHD was 820.4 thousand with a rate of 23630.9, which was 33.7% lower than that in 1990. Furthermore, Golestan and Tehran with rates of 32484.6 and 12752.5 had the largest and smallest DALY rates in those aged 70 and above in Iran, respectively. The highest point prevalence, death, and DALY rates for both sexes, were found in the 95+age group. In 2019, the Iran DALY rate was lower than the Middle East and North Africa region rate in all age groups in males and females, except for the 90-94 and 95+age groups in females. Nationally, systolic blood pressure (SBP) (47.8%), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (36.2%), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (35.3%) had the three highest attributable DALYs. Conclusions: Currently, the burden of IHD in Iran is considered a pressing public health issue, indicating the urgent need for effective public health interventions. Further investigations are, therefore, needed to discover causes for the high prevalence of IHD in the country and to develop better strategies for effective prevention and controlling it.