Phototherapy began in ancient Egypt. Ancient Egyptians treated some skin diseases with herbs and sunlight. They applied natural photosensitizers such as psoralens (extracted from particular plants such as Parsley and Stjohn's-wort) for treatment of leprosy lesions 1, 2). Osar Raab, a medical student who worked in Munich was the first one to notice that dyes like acrydine along with light can kill paramecia. He discovered that the incubation of paramecium with acridine and consequent exposure to light potentially kills paramecium. However, the mere application of acridine without light exposure was not effective 3). In following years, Von Tappeiner coined the term "photodynamic action" and attested that the presence of oxygen is essential in photodynamic action. The first PDT was performed on a patient with skin carcinoma. It was carried out by T. Appaeiner and H. Jesionek in 1904. They used Eosin as PS along with white light. In recent years, more advances have been made in anticancer photodynamic therapy and different PSs are discovered 1, 2, 4, 5). Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy (APDT) was first introduced in 1960. Macmillan used toluidine blue against microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and yeast. It was observed that 99% of bacteria were killed within 30 min of irradiation with 21-30 mW of light at 632 nm from

To investigate the effect of image preprocessing, in respect to intensity inhomogeneity correction and noise filtering, on the robustness and reproducibility of the radiomics features extracted from the Glioblastoma (GBM) tumor in multimodal MR images (mMRI).In this study, for each patient 1461 radiomics features were extracted from GBM subregions (i.e., edema, necrosis, enhancement, and tumor) of mMRI (i.e., FLAIR, T1, T1C, and T2) volumes for five preprocessing combinations (in total 116 880 radiomics features).The robustness and reproducibility of the radiomics features were assessed under four comparisons: (a) Baseline versus modified bias field; (b) Baseline versus modified bias field followed by noise filtering; (c) Baseline versus modified noise, and (d) Baseline versus modified noise followed bias field correction. The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), dynamic range (DR), and interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used as metrics. Shape features and subsequently, local binary pattern (LBP) filtered images were highly stable and reproducible against bias field correction and noise filtering in all measurements. In all MRI modalities, necrosis regions (NC: n ̅~4 49/1461, 30%) had the highest number of highly robust features, with CCC and DR >= 0.9, in comparison with edema (ED: n ̅~2 96/1461, 20%), enhanced (EN: n ̅~2 81/1461, 19%) and active-tumor regions (TM: n ̅~2 54/1461, 17%). The necrosis regions (NC: n~449/1461, 30%) had a higher number of highly robust features (CCC and DR >= 0.9) than edema (ED: n~296/1461, 20%), enhanced (EN: n~281/1461, 19%) and active-tumor (TM: n~254/1461, 17%) regions across all modalities. Furthermore, our results identified that the percentage of high reproducible features with ICC >= 0.9 after bias field correction (23.2%), and bias field correction followed by noise filtering (22.4%) were higher in contrast with noise smoothing and also noise smoothing follow by bias correction. These preliminary findings imply that preprocessing sequences can also have a significant impact on the robustness and reproducibility of mMRI-based radiomics features and identification of generalizable and consistent preprocessing algorithms is a pivotal step before imposing radiomics biomarkers into the clinic for GBM patients.

Curcumin is a phytochemical isolated from Curcuma longa with potent tumorsuppressor activity, which has shown significant efficacy in pre-clinical and clinical

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The specific design of the mobile dedicated intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) accelerators and different electron beam collimation system can change the dosimetric characteristics of electron beam with respect to the conventional accelerators. The aim of this study is to measure and compare the dosimetric characteristics of electron beam produced by intraoperative and conventional radiotherapy accelerators. To this end, percentage depth dose along clinical axis (PDD), transverse dose profile (TDP), and output factor of LIAC IORT and Varian 2100C/D conventional radiotherapy accelerators were measured and compared. TDPs were recorded at depth of maximum dose. The results of this work showed that depths of maximum dose, R90,R50, and RP for LIAC beam are lower than those of Varian beam. Furthermore, for all energies, surface doses related to the LIAC beam are substantially higher than those of Varian beam. The symmetry and flatness of LIAC beam profiles are more desirable compared to the Varian ones. Contrary to Varian accelerator, output factor of LIAC beam substantially increases with a decrease in the size of the applicator. Dosimetric characteristics of beveled IORT applicators along clinical axis were different from those of the flat ones. From these results, it can be concluded that dosimetric characteristics of intraoperative electron beam are substantially different from those of conventional clinical electron beam. The dosimetric characteristics of the LIAC electron beam make it a useful tool for intraoperative radiotherapy purposes.PACS number: 87.56.‐v, 87.56.bd