No abstract

The oxidative/oil stability index (OSI) of the frying oils decreased exponentially during the frying process. The slope of the linear equation obtained from the plotting of the logarithms of OSIs versus frying times, which was considered to be a measure of the rate of OSI decrease during the frying process, was significantly different for the oils. The results of the present study confirmed that the OSI determined via the Rancimat test on the original oil cannot guarantee or predict the actual frying performance of the oil, but it is considered that this method can be useful to act as a “screening” test and eliminate the possibility of introducing lower stability oils into the production area with its consequences. There was a strong correlation (r2 = 0.9949) between the OSI and the total polar compounds (TPC) of the frying oils (y = 51.01 x−0.9726). Assuming that 24% of TPC is the maximum level permitted in frying oils, the OSI of a used frying oil should be≥2.32 h. There was a power relationship (y = 120.9 x−1.0423) between the OSI and carbonyl value (CV) with a high determination coefficient (r2 = 0.9856). Assuming that 50 µmol/g of CV is the maximum level permitted in frying oils, the OSI of a used frying oil should be≥2.05 h. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS In addition to act as a “screening” test for eliminating the posibility of introducing lower stability oils into the production area with its consequences, the Rancimat test, which is considered to be a rapid, inexpensive, easy to use and reproducible method, could provide information on when to discard used frying oil. This can be interesting for fats and oils researchers, R&D groups, quality control laboratories and quality auditing organizations.

Different grades of 1‐butanol and 2‐propanol (2‐PrOH) with and without purification were reevaluated for preparation of blank solutions in a modified method for the determination of carbonyl value (CV) in rancid oils (soybean oil and a frying oil). Only purified 2‐PrOH with an absorbance lower than 0.35 at 420 nm was considered suitable as a solvent. Good correlations existed between the absorbance at 420 nm, and the molar concentration for 2‐decenal and 2,4‐decadienal solutions in 2‐PrOH reacted with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine. The sensitivity of the method in terms of 2‐decenal was higher than that of 2,4‐decadienal. The CVs calculated based on 2,4‐decadienal were higher than those of 2‐decenal, although differences between them were not statistically significant at low levels. Accordingly, the sensitivity of the measurement and the estimated CV content were dependent on the type of standard considered. Triphenylphosphine (TP) exerted a statistically significant effect on the CVs of the soybean oil, unless the peroxide content of the oil sample was very low or much higher than the amount of added TP. The addition of TP to the frying oil was not necessary because the conditions of the CV test did not lead to the production of excess carbonyl compounds caused by the degradation of peroxides.

Nowadays more advanced sensor networks in various fields are developed. There are lots of online sensors spreading around the world. Sensor networks have been used in Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) since sensor networks have expanded. Health monitoring, environmental monitoring, traffic monitoring, etc, are the examples of its applications in Geomatics. Sensor network is an infrastructure comprised of sensing (measuring), computing, and communication elements that gives an administrator the ability to instrument, observe, and react to events and phenomena in a specified environment. This paper describes about development boards which can be used in sensor networks and their applications in Geomatics and their role in wireless sensor networks and also a comparison between various types of boards. Boards that are discussed in this paper are Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Beagle board, Cubieboard. The Boards because of their great potential are also known as single board computers. This paper is organized in four phases: First, Reviewing on ubiquitous computing and sensor networks. Second, introducing of some electrical boards. Then, defining some criterions for comparison. Finally, comparing the Ubiquitous boards.

Kinetics of change in total polar compounds (TPC), carbonyl value (CV), and conjugated diene value (CDV) were simultaneously investigated during the frying of potato strips in eight oil samples at 170 °C. The CDV at the turning point of the sigmoidal kinetic curves (CDVT) with an average of ~19 mmol/L, which was almost equivalent to the TPC and CV of ~14% and ~24 μmol/g, respectively, was found to be as a sensory cut-off value for rejection. To discard frying oils from a toxicological standpoint, the CDV at the mean of the times required to reach the CDVT and the CDVmax with an average of ~28 mmol/L (almost equivalent to the TPC and CV of ~22% and ~41 μmol/g, respectively) was determined as the corresponding cut-off value.