The purpose of this study is comparing executive functions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and matched healthy individual. In this cross-sectional study were evaluated 46 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder are compared with 46 healthy individual by means of convenient sampling. In this retrospective, causal-comparative study, Stroop test, Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) and continuous performance test (CPT) were used as the research tools. Data were analyzed through Student t-test. Finding show that reaction time significantly lower in OCD group (p< 0.5). In continuous performance test omission error in OCD more than healthy group (p< 0.5); but to groups was similar in commission and reaction time. In WCST healthy group have better performance in preservation error and correct response (p< 0.5). OCD could be considered as dysfunction of executive functions.

The move to new approaches to higher education has required many universities around the world to use e-learning in their courses. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the attitudes of the students toward using virtual education and their satisfaction level during the Covid-19 crisis. The research methodology used was descriptive. A sample of 165 undergraduate students (89 technical engineering and 76 psychology students) were randomly selected at Islamic Azad University Shahre Rey in the first semester of 2020-2021. Attitude and satisfaction level toward virtual education questionnaires were used to collect data. The analyses were carried out through SPSS software (26 version), by using the Pearson correlation and t-tests on two independent samples. Findings indicated that there was a significant relationship between attitudes toward virtual education and satisfaction for all participants. Therefore, it can be concluded that the more positive attitudes towards e-learning and virtual education are, the higher the satisfaction level toward virtual education is. In addition, there was no difference between the attitudes and satisfaction level toward virtual education in the two target groups. A more accurate analysis of the questions showed that virtual education generated more problems for technical students when it came to understanding the main concepts. While both groups believed that online examinations were more appropriate given the pandemic circumstances, some difficulties such as internet speed and challenges while uploading the response sheets affected their attitude in a negative way. The findings also indicated that psychology students found using the internet and online platforms more challenging than engineering students. El avance hacia nuevos enfoques de la educación superior, ha requerido a muchas universidades alrededor del mundo que emplean educación virtual en sus cursos. El objetivo de este estudio es investigar la relación entre las actitudes de los estudiantes frente al uso de educación virtual con el nivel de su satisfacción durante la crisis del covid-19. Este estudio fue diseñado como una investigación descriptiva aplicada. Una muestra aleatoria de 165 estudiantes fue recogida de la población de los estudiantes de pregrado de cursos de Ingeniería Técnica y de psicología (89 estudiantes técnicos y 76 estudiantes de psicología) de la Universidad Islámica Azad de Shahre Rey-Irán, durante el primer semestre de 2020-2021. para recopilar datos sobre la actitud y el nivel de satisfacción de los estudiantes, un cuestionario fue utilizado. el análisis fue realizado fue realizado a través de programa spss (versión 26), utilizando la correlación de Pearson y Prueba T para muestras independientes Los hallazgos indicaron que hay una relación significativa entre las actitudes hacia a la educación virtual y la satisfacción de todos los participantes. Además, no hubo diferencia entre las actitudes y el nivel de satisfacción hacia la educación virtual entre los dos grupos. Hay que tener en cuenta, que un análisis más preciso sobre la pregunta demuestra que la educación virtual ha creado más problemas en la comprensión de los conceptos principales para los estudiantes técnicos. Aunque ambos grupos opinaron que los exámenes on-line eran más apropiados dado las circunstancias de la pandemia, algunas dificultades como la velocidad de internet, los desafíos en cargar la hoja de respuestas y afectó sus actitudes en una manera negativa. Los resultados del estudio también demostraron que los estudiantes de psicología encuentran más desafiante usar el internet y plataformas en línea, comparado con estudiantes de ingeniería. Según los hallazgos de este documento, se puede suponer que al diseñar infraestructuras de e-learning si el material debe ser entregado de manera productiva y eficaz, hay que tener en cuenta el contenido educativo de las diferentes áreas de estudio.

Some evidence suggests that poor reading is partially related to deficiency of visual functions. the efficacy of vision therapy on such visual functions, and in turn reading abilities has been subject of controversy. This study was aimed to evaluate any possible effect of vision therapy on the reading- related visual functions in a sample of Persian speaking students with reading problems. Distance visual acuity (DVA), near visual acuity (NVA), accommodative facility (AF) and saccadic eye movement (SEM) were assessed binocularly on 10 poor readers using Snellen eye chart, reduced Snellen chart at 40 cm, ±2.00 D lenses and fixation- refixation technique, respectively. Their results were compared with a sex, age, educational level matched control group. Poor readers underwent 5 weeks visual therapy for AF, SEM. Poor reader performed lower than controls on AF and SEM at the baseline, but there were no significant difference between groups on other measures. Both AF and SEM were improved following the training course. Visual therapy would improve basic visual functions that may influence reading ability. the later should be tested in further studies.