The taro (Colocasia esculenta) flour was evaluated to the preparation of the milk pudding as a hydrocolloid. The physicochemical properties of taro flour were compared with corn starch and rice flour which generally take place in pudding mix, then they were incorporated into pudding formulation at the different ratios. The taro flour was found significantly (p < 0.05) different from rice flour and corn starch, due to its higher ash, fiber, fat and protein content, and color properties. Taro starch granules exhibited irregular, polygonal shapes, and small particle size visually in scanning electron micrographs. The increased concentration of taro flour in the pudding samples resulted in obtaining higher ash, protein, fiber, fat and mineral contents, and viscosity. All pudding samples exhibited pseudoplastic behavior. The samples which contained more taro flour scored the highest in terms of thickness and viscosity; however, “smoothness/grittiness acceptance” scored lowest due to the properties of mouth feeling. Although the taro flour had 45.42% bioavailability rate due to owned antinutrients, the pudding samples had higher rates because of the cooking process. Practical applications The most important features expected from a texturizing agent such as taro flour are that it has a neutral taste/aroma and is compatible with other components. The study revealed that taro flour could be valorized as fortifying and hydrocolloid ingredient in pudding type products. Due to its high water binding capacity, it can be used with together other hydrocolloid thickening ingredients such as starch and gums. It can also be evaluated as a fortifying agent due to high mineral and fiber contents. To obtain smooth taro flour particles in the mouth, the alternative milling techniques can be applied to produce taro flour which has more small flour particles. Because the taro is rich in nutritive content and is comparatively cheaper than other roots and tubers, promoting and evaluating such taro‐processed products is important industrially.
In this study, variation of some chemical components such as anthocyanin, β-carotene, lycopene, phenolic, nitrate, soluble protein, proline, glucose, sucrose and total carbohydrate level ad PAL activity in some wild and cultivated edible mushrooms was examined. For this, four different mushroom species (Agaricus campestris L., Cantharellus cibarius Fr., Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers., Lactarius piperatus L. Pers) were supplied from local market, named Kuzeykent Semt Bazaar, in Kastamonu province of Turkey. Mushroom samples were collected from Araç, Daday, Devrekani and Tosya locations of Kastamonu. According to findings, the highest anthocyanin value and PAL activity were obtained from A. campestris collected from Arac location with 0.107 mg g-1 and 6.99 EU, respectively. The amount of β-carotene (2.297 mg g-1) and lycopene (0.644 mg g-1) was the highest in C. cibarius collected from Tosya location, however; proline, soluble protein, nitrate and glucose level were the maximum in A. campestris collected from Devrekani location with 149.61 µmol g-1, 55.49 mg, 159.963 mg g-1 and 29.36 µg g-1, respectively. While total carbohydrate was the highest in H. erinaceus collected from Araç location with 80.97 µg g-1, sucrose concentration was the maximum with 39.22 mg g-1 in H. erinaceus collected from Daday location. As a result, A. campestris collected from Devrekani location exhibited the highest nutrient in terms of chemicals analysed except anthocyanin and it was followed by H. erinaceus collected from Daday location. However, C. cibarius and H. erinaceus collected from Araç location had lower chemical components. It can be said that these mushroom species are valuable and important as major food sources and non-wood products for Kastamonu province.
were obtained from different locations in Turkey. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme activity, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity changes and nitrate, β-carotene and lycopene levels were investigated in 15 samples to determine antioxidant enzyme capacity. As a result of the study, the highest amount of β-carotene and lycopene were determined in H. erinaceus. P. ostreatus-2 had the lowest amount of β-carotene, whereas Pleurotus ostreatus-1 had the lowest amount of lycopene. Species rich in nitrate content were C. cornucopioides and P. ostreatus-4. P. ostreatus-3 was the poorest species in terms of nitrate compared to other mushroom samples. PAL activity of mushrooms varied between 5.863 and 8.893 EU mg -1 protein. For APX values, P. ostreatus-4 had the highest value, while H. erinaceus species had the lowest value. Among mushroom species, the highest and the lowest POD values were determined in H. erinaceus and B. edulis, respectively. C. cornucopioides had the highest and P. ostreatus-3 had the lowest SOD values.
Özet: Orman yangınları, Akdeniz tipi iklimin hakim olduğu bölgelerde sıklıkla görülen ve süksesyon üzerinde büyük öneme sahip bir olaydır. Orman ağaçları için de geçerli olan bu durum, bazı türlerin rejenerasyonunu kolaylaştırırken, bazı türlerin ise alanda varlığını kaybetmesine sebep olmaktadır. Bu sebeple; türe özgü yangın ekolojisinin bilinmesi önem arz etmektedir. Yangınların tohum canlılığı ve çimlenmesi üzerine etkilerinin bilinmesi; alanda var olan türlerin gelişimini ve takibini kolaylaştıracaktır. Bu çalışmada, dört farklı ana ıslah zonundan toplam 15 farklı Anadolu karaçamı [Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold ssp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe] popülasyonundan temin edilmiş tohumlar üzerine farklı sıcaklık şokları (70, 90, 110 ve 130 ºC) değişik sürelerle (1 ve 5 dk.) uygulanmış ve çimlenmeler takip edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda; 130°C ve 5dk. süreli uygulamaların tohumların çimlenme kabiliyetinde kayıplara sebep olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, 110 ºC'ye kadar çimlenme kabiliyetinde olumsuz etkilenmeden Anadolu karaçamı tohumlarının yüksek sıcaklık şoklarına dayanabildiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, 1 dk. süreli sıcaklık şoku uygulamasının çimlenme yüzdesini düşürücü etki yapmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Sütçüler-Tota (1600 m), Çal-İnceler (1560 m), Alaçam-Gölcük (1050 m), Bursa (950 m) ve Domaniç-Dereçarşamba (1400 m) populasyonları en yüksek çimlenme kapasitesine sahip popülasyonlar olarak tespit edilmiştir. Uygulamalar arasından 70ºC-5 dk, 90ºC-1 ve 5 dk, 110ºC-1 dk ve 130 ºC-1 dk'lık işlemleri kontrol grubuna göre çimlenme yüzdesini arttırmıştır.
Bu çalışmada; değişik yükseltilerden seçilen 14 farklı kızılçam popülasyonlarından toplanan tohumların farklı sıcaklık şoku şiddetlerine ve sürelerine maruz bırakılmasının tohum çimlenme kabiliyeti ve canlılığı üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, 14 farklı popülasyondan temin edilen kızılçam tohumları, kontrol işlemi hariç olmak üzere dört farklı sıcaklık şokuna (70, 90, 110 ve 130 ºC) 1 ve 5 dk. süresince maruz bırakılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda; genel olarak kızılçam tohumlarının yüksek sıcaklıklara karşı dayanıklı bir tür olduğu bir kez daha bu çalışmayla teyit edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında; dört farklı ıslah zonu ve 60 ile 925 metre rakımlar arasındaki 14 farklı popülasyonun tohumlarının tamamının 130 °C'ye kadarki yüksek sıcaklık şoklarında yaşam kabiliyetlerini koruyabildikleri tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, 1 dk. boyunca 130 ºC yüksek sıcaklık şoku uygulanan tohumlarda çimlenme kabiliyetinin de maksimum olduğu belirlenmiştir.
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