Objective: To find an association between estrogen and progesterone with ovarian cancer progression. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Islam Teaching Hospital, Sialkot from 1st January 2021 to 31st December 2021. Methodology: One hundred participants were enrolled. Ovarian cancer women were placed in Group A while healthy woman in Group B. The study was approved from the review board. The age of the patients was between 18-45 years. Demographic details as well as clinical and relevant familial history was documented of each patient. The blood sampling was done on same menstrual day 12 in each patient. Each patient 4 cc blood was withdrawn for analysis if their estrogen and progesterone levels. The blood was collected in serum vials and serum was separated by centrifugation at 3000rpm. The patients who were confirmed for ovarian cancer CA 125 were confirmed through clinical diagnosis in addition to their MRI and CT scan imaging. Results: The mean age of the patients was 33.3±2.1 years of ovarian cancers while 21.5±3.4 years of normal controls. Majority of the females were from low socioeconomic class. The values of progesterone and estrogen were significantly higher in CA 125 cases such as Group A in comparison with group B respectively. The analytes were assessed in the follicular phase and showed higher frequency in 96% and 94% of cases with ovarian cancer. The mean value was 2±0.4ng/ml and 119.1±2.9 pg/ml respectively. Conclusion: In ovarian cancer, level of estrogen was very higher during follicular phase. Keywords: Ovarian cancer, Advanced epithelial cancer, Estrogen, Progesterone, Abnormal secretion

Objective: To examine the indications and histopathological analysis of hysterectomy specimens. Study Design: Prospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Shaikh Zayed Women Hospital Larkana from 1st January 2021 to 31st December 2021. Methodology: Fifty women undergoing hysterectomies with an age greater than 18 years were enrolled as study participants. Partial or complete hysterectomy was performed in each patient and the samples gained post hysterectomy were placed in 10 percent formalin until histopathological examination was performed. The process of hysterectomy was done by a qualified surgeon keeping quality surgical standards. Demographic details including age, gender as well as other information regarding clinical symptoms, diagnosis and clinical history were documented on a well-structured questionnaire. Results: The mean age was 34.4±5.4 years with most of the women within the age group of 40-49 years and 68% of the women with abundant menstrual bleed followed by presentation of abdominal mass. In most of the females a uterus fibroid was presented whereas UV prolapse was also common in women indicating towards hysterectomy. Leiomyoma was presented highest on histopathological report findings such as in 29% of the cases followed with adenomyosis reporting. Conclusion: Every hysterectomy sample should be evaluated properly and timely for post-operative management and for the exact diagnosis of underlying disease. Keywords: Hysterectomy; Evacuation; Pathology; Malignancies

Background: Labor induction is the process or treatment that stimulates childbirth and delivery. Induction of labor without a medical indication is termed elective induction of labor and appears to be increasing even more rapidly than induction of labor as a whole. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) leads to prominent causes of maternal death. Uterine massage is a simple first line treatment as it helps the uterus to contract to reduce bleeding. Objectives: To determine the frequency of elective induction of labor in females undergoing normal vaginal delivery at term and to compare the frequency of postpartum hemorrhage with spontaneous versus elective induced labor in females presenting for normal vaginal delivery at term. Study Design: Descriptive case series study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Shaikh Zayed Women Hospital, Larkana from 1st October 2021 to 31st March 2022. Methodology: Two hundred females were enrolled. They were divided in two groups; elective induction or spontaneous delivery. Females who had active labour without oxytocin with no membrane rupture before labour, labeled as having spontaneous labour otherwise. Results: The induced delivery was noted in 35(17.50%) females and spontaneous type of delivery was noted in 165(82.50%) females, the postpartum hemorrhage was noted among 23(11.50%) females. The postpartum hemorrhage is not associated with type of delivery (p=0.249). Conclusion: The elective induction of labor in females undergoing normal vaginal delivery at term was 17.50% patients and postpartum hemorrhage was 11.50% patients. Keywords: Postpartum hemorrhage, Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), Spontaneous, Induced, Labour, Delivery