The PALM-COEIN classification system should take into account both the clinical and histopathological diagnoses in women having AUB around perimenopause as the two diagnostic modalities are complementary to each other and clinical impression should be placed into proper perspective of this classification in order to optimise outcome.

Background: Menstruation and menstrual practices are still clouded by taboos and socio-cultural restrictions resulting in adolescent girls remaining ignorant of the scientific facts and hygienic health practices, which sometimes result into adverse health outcomes. The reaction to menstruation depends upon awareness and knowledge about the subject. The manner in which a girl learns about menstruation and its associated changes may have an impact on her response to the event of menarche. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bhopal, India had always been keen to make aware of these facts and preventive measures to adolescent girls and to acknowledge the facts this study has been conducted.Methods: About 350 school girls between 10-18years of age with attainment of menarche were selected from two schools of Bhopal and interviewed during study period using predesigned questionnaire after obtaining informed consent from school in-charge and parents.Results: This study shows that majority of the girls preferred cloth pieces rather than sanitary pads as menstrual absorbent. Apparently, poverty, high cost of disposable sanitary pads and to some extent ignorance dissuaded the study population from using the menstrual absorbents available in the market. Universalized use of sanitary pads can be advocated to every girl only by making it available at affordable prices (social marketing). Thus, the above findings reinforce the need to encourage safe and hygienic practices among the adolescent girls and bring them out of traditional beliefs, misconceptions and restrictions regarding menstruation.Conclusions: This study highlighted the need of adolescent girls to have accurate and adequate information about menstruation and its appropriate management and healthy menstrual practices.

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Background: This study is aimed towards women’s knowledge and attitudes towards menopause as menopause brings multifaceted impact including psychomotor, vasomotor and cardiovascular changes on women`s health.Methods: The population of interest consisted of 150 qualified teachers of age group 40 to 60 years and above from different colleges and schools of Bhopal city. The data was collected using predesigned questionnaire with inform consent and responses were analysed using simple percentages.Results: In this study, mean age of menopause is 48.4 years and 92% of women had knowledge about menopause out of them 84% of women consider it to be a natural process. Working capacity of 66% of the women was affected while sexual life is affected in 56% of the women. 88% of the women were aware of hormonal replacement therapy but only 4.6% of women were taking HRT due to concerns regarding side effects.Conclusions: Most of the women in our study are aware of menopause and its symptoms but they are not following healthy life style modifications. Increased awareness is required to prepare women for menopause.

AIMS1. The study aimed to evaluate presence of sexually transmitted infections in pregnant women and to study its distribution in relation to age, parity, social class, habitat and education. 2. To study symptomatology and signs of different sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy and its adverse effects on maternal and pregnancy outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODSSexually transmitted infections in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Gandhi Medical College, Sultania Zanana Hospital, Bhopal, during 15 months' period from August 2010 to October 2011 were studied. The individual records of all sexually transmitted infections occurring during the study period of 15 months were extracted from patient's case notes and hospital record registers. RESULTSIn year August 2010 to October 2011, this study is done on 500 pregnant women in all trimesters of pregnancy, out of which 195 (39%) women were found positive for sexually transmitted infections and among this positive women, maximum i.e. 102 (52.3%) women were in age group 20-24 years followed by 61 (31.2%) women in 25-29 years of age group. Among positive found women 131 (67.17%) women were urban dwellers. The highest number of sexually transmitted infections occurred among multigravida 107 (54.87%). Most of the women who were having infection were illiterate 97 (49.74%), belonged to low socioeconomic class 147 (75.47%), not using any form of contraception 142 (78.82%), has poor genital hygiene 153 (78.5%). And out of 195 infected women, maximum 155 (79.48%) were having one or another symptoms and most common complaint with which they present is discharge per vaginum 54 (27.6%) followed by discharge+itching 47 (24.1%). Out of 195 women found positive for STI, 21 (10.76%) were having viral infection, 119 (61.03%) were having non-viral (Bacterial/fungal or parasitic) STI and 55 (28.2%) had mixed infections and among pregnancies with STI's 98 (54.7%) had adverse pregnancy outcome. CONCLUSIONSThis study has demonstrated that frequency of sexually transmitted infections is unacceptably high and this continues to have an impact on pregnancy outcome. Integration of antenatal screening services for these infections and treatment during antenatal care should be prioritized.