Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are intracellular aliphatic polyesters synthesized as energy reserves, in the form of water-insoluble, nano-sized discrete and optically dense granules in cytoplasm by a diverse bacteria and some archae under conditions of limiting nutrients in the presence of excess carbon source. Bacteria synthesize different PHAs from coenzyme A thioesters of respective hydroxyalkanoic acid, and degrade intracellularly for reuse and extracellularly in natural environments by other microorganisms. In vivo, PHAs exist as amorphous mobile liquid and water-insoluble inclusions but in vitro, exhibit material and mechanical properties, ranging from stiff and brittle crystalline to elastomeric and molding, similar to petrochemical thermoplastics. Further, they are hydrophobic, isotactic, biocompatible and exhibit piezoelectric properties. But as commodity plastics their applications are limited by high production cost, low yield, in vivo degradation, complexity of technology and difficulty of extraction. Therefore, to replace the conventional plastic with PHAs, it is prerequisite to standardize the PHA production systems.

No abstract

Background: Cystic artery variations are frequent and important for invasive as well as invasive procedure around the hepatibiliary area. Variation can be in term of origin, course and termination of CA. Aim: Aim was to identify new type of Cystic arterial variation in term of origin, no. of CA, and termination and surgical implications of these variations. Materials and methods: Study was carried out at department of anatomy, S.M.S Medical college and hospitals Jaipur (Raj). Total 60 cadaver were included in the study. Ethical clearance was taken for the same. Subjects with history of abdominal surgery around Hepatobiliary area were excluded. Result: Source of origin of SCA was RHA (majority of cases), Aberrant RHA, SMA, HAP. DCA was observed in 13.34% cases. Accessory CA arose from RHA, ARHA, HAP, PSPD. Compound DCA was observed in 5% cases. Longer CA was observed in the study. Conclusion: Variation related to CA are essential to keep in mind while dealing with Hepatobiliary area during invasive and non invasive procedures as well. KEY WORDS: Cystic, Hepatobiliary, Cystic arterial variation.