To evaluate the status of UK undergraduate urology teaching against the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) Undergraduate Syllabus for Urology. Secondary objectives included evaluating the type and quantity of teaching provided, the reported performance rate of General Medical Council (GMC)-mandated urological procedures, and the proportion of undergraduates considering urology as a career. Subjects and MethodsThe uroLogical tEAching in bRitish medical schools Nationally (LEARN) study was a national multicentre cross-sectional evaluation. Year 2 to Year 5 medical students and Foundation Year (FY) 1 doctors were invited to complete a survey between 3 October and 20 December 2020, retrospectively assessing the urology teaching received to date. Results are reported according to the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES). ResultsIn all, 7063/8346 (84.6%) responses from all 39 UK medical schools were included; 1127/7063 (16.0%) were from FY1 doctors who reported that the most frequently taught topics in undergraduate training were on urinary tract infection (96.5%), acute kidney injury (95.9%) and haematuria (94.4%). The most infrequently taught topics were male urinary incontinence (59.4%), male infertility (52.4%) and erectile dysfunction (43.8%). Male and female catheterisation on patients as undergraduates was performed by 92.1% and 73.0% of FY1 doctors respectively, and 16.9% had considered a career in urology. Theory-based teaching was mainly prevalent in the early years of medical school, with clinical skills teaching, and

Introduction: Uterine fibroids are the commonest benign tumors occurring in the female reproductive tract. They occur in 30%–70% of women in their Reproductive age. The fibroids incidence rises as the age increases. Its prevalence in pregnancy is 0.1%–10.7%.In such pregnancies, obstetric complication occur in 10%–30% . Studies show that in such pregnancies delivery occur at an earlier gestational . Fetal malpresentation, placenta previa, intrauterine growth restriction, labor dystocia, placental abruption, cesarean delivery , retained placenta, and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) are common obs compications occurring in pregnancies with fibroids. Objective: The objective of our study is to determine the frequency of cesarean delivery in pregnancies with uterine fibroids. Materials and Methods: It is a Descriptive type cross sectional study which was carried out in Obstetric and Gynae unit 1 of Lahore General Hospital, Lahore for Six months from 06-08-2015 to 06-02-2016. Sample size of 100 cases was calculated with 95% confidence level, 10% margin of error and taking expected percentage of cesarean section i.e. 40% of cesarean section in patients with uterine fibroid. Results: In our study, 59%(n=59) were between 20-30 years while 41%(n=41) were between 31-40 years of age, mean+sd was calculated as 28.31+5.67 years. Gestational age(in weeks) of the patients was calculated . 64%(n=64) were between 34-36 weeks while 36%(n=36) were between 37-39 weeks, mean+sd was calculated as 36.83+1.75 weeks of gestation. Regarding Parity of the patients, 63%(n=63) were between 1-3 paras and 37%(n=37) were having parity between 4-5. Frequency of cesarean delivery in patients with uterine fibroids performed in 57%(n=57) cases while 43%(n=43) had normal vaginal delivery. Conclusion: The frequency of cesarean delivery is higher among patients with uterine fibroids. So, it is recommended that every patient who present with uterine fibroids, should be sort out for the mode of delivery. However, it is also required that every setup should have their surveillance in order to know the frequency of the problem.

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the diagnostic accuracy of fasting blood sugar level and glucose challenge test for screening of gestational diabetes mellitus, taking oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as gold standard. Design: This cross sectional study was carried out in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,OPD of Unit-I, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore for a duration of six months from 1-1-2016 to30-6-2016 . The non-probability purposive sampling technique was used in this study. Women were asked to come on next day early in morning before breakfast with 12 hours fast. The fasting blood sample was obtained. Then women underwent 50 g non-fasting GCT(Glucose challenge ) test on the same day. In both tests, reports were assessed and noted. The patients were labeled as positive or negative for GDM (Gestational Diabetes Mellitus). Then females received 75 g OGTT(Oral glucose tolerance test) one week later on next visit and gestational diabetes was confirmed by OGTT. Reports of gold standard were compared with diagnostic tests. Results: In our study the sensitivity of FBS was 96.77% with specificity of 98.36%, PPV was 98.59%, NPV was 96.26% and diagnostic accuracy was 97.5% taking GTT as gold standard.-96+30. In this study the sensitivity of GCT was 97.7% with specificity of 98.36%, PPV was 98.6%, NPV was 97.3% and diagnostic accuracy was 98% taking GTT as gold standard. Conclusion: This study results concluded that Fasting Blood Sugar is a highly accurate test, as is the glucose challenge test for screening of Gestational diabetes mellitus and can be done as a routine screening test as it is easy, one step and cost effective.

The covid-19 pandemic has revealed the depth of social and racial inequalities in the United Kingdom. These inequalities existed long before the pandemic, but they have taken on a greater significance in the past few months. Perhaps this is a direct result of the death of George Floyd and the ongoing Black Lives Matter protests, which have brought inequalities and institutional bias to the forefront of public consciousness. The NHS, for all its merits, should not be exempt from scrutiny.

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