The microbiota of the nasopharyngeal tract (NT) play a role in host immunity against respiratory infectious diseases. However, scant information is available on interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with the nasopharyngeal microbiome. This study characterizes the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on human nasopharyngeal microbiomes and their relevant metabolic functions. Twenty-two (n = 22) nasopharyngeal swab samples (including COVID-19 patients = 8, recovered humans = 7, and healthy people = 7) were collected, and underwent to RNAseq-based metagenomic investigation. Our RNAseq data mapped to 2281 bacterial species (including 1477, 919 and 676 in healthy, COVID-19 and recovered metagenomes, respectively) indicating a distinct microbiome dysbiosis. The COVID-19 and recovered samples included 67% and 77% opportunistic bacterial species, respectively compared to healthy controls. Notably, 79% commensal bacterial species found in healthy controls were not detected in COVID-19 and recovered people. Similar dysbiosis was also found in viral and archaeal fraction of the nasopharyngeal microbiomes. We also detected several altered metabolic pathways and functional genes in the progression and pathophysiology of COVID-19. The nasopharyngeal microbiome dysbiosis and their genomic features determined by our RNAseq analyses shed light on early interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with the nasopharyngeal resident microbiota that might be helpful for developing microbiome-based diagnostics and therapeutics for this novel pandemic disease.

To study the pathogenesis of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), photoplethysmography and strain-gauge plethysmography were simultaneously performed in 84 patients. Of the 128 limbs studied, 24 were normal, 64 had primary varicose veins and 40 had post-thrombotic syndrome. Venography was also performed in all patients. The results of this study indicate that reflux in the superficial veins is the main pathophysiology involved in the development of CVI, though incompetence of the perforators and deep veins plays some role. In post-thrombotic syndrome, however, CVI is mainly a sequel of deep venous incompetence, the condition being complicated by incompetent perforators and superficial venous reflux.

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Background: Although the global number of newborn deaths declined from 5 million (1990) to 2.4 million (2020), children face the greatest risk of death within their first 28 days of life. Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) is the biggest tertiary hospital in Bangladesh serving all incoming patients free of cost. Objectives: We studied here the clinical patterns and outcomes of neonatal surgeries in DMCH from July 2014 to June 2016. Materials and Methods: This prospective descriptive study included 500 neonates with surgical problems who had attended from July 2014 to June 2016. Data were collected at admission and thereafter by predesigned data collection sheet. Results: Male female ratio was 1.5: 1. Majority of the neonates (346) presented during the first week of life (69.2%). Presented within 1 hour to 28 days (mean 7.1 days ± SD 8.8), weighing 1.5 - 5.0 kilogram (mean 2.6 in kg ± SD 0.5). Surgical indications in order of sequences were Neonatal Intestinal Obstruction (NIO), gastroschisis, omphalocele, abscess/cellulitis, hydronephrosis, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, Tracheo esophageal atresia or fistula (TEF), bladder exstrophy, malignancy, Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (IHPS), cloacal exstrophy, neonatal injury, patent urachus, prune belly syndrome, amniotic band syndrome. NIO was in the form of Anorectal Malformations (ARM), Hirschsprung disease, septicemia, intestinal atresia, meconium ileus, volvulus neonatorum, multiple congenital anomalies, obstructed inguinal hernia. Total 384 patients were managed surgically. 125 (25.0%). 33 (6.6%) died preoperatively and 92 (18.4%) died postoperatively. Conclusion: Early diagnosis, resuscitation, skilled staff, ICU facilities etc. are crucial for the best outcomes of neonatal surgical problems. KYAMC Journal Vol. 13, No. 02, July 2022: 86-93

Background: Age related cataract is the leading cause of blindness and visual impairment throughout the world. With the advent of microsurgical facilities simple cataract extraction surgery has been replaced by small incision cataract surgery (SICS) with posterior chamber intra ocular lens implant, which can be done either with clear corneal incision or scleral incision. Objective: To compare the post operative visual outcome in these two procedures of cataract surgery. Materials and method: This comparative study was carried out in the department of Ophthalmology, Delta Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, during the period of January 2010 to December 2012. Total 60 subjects indicated for age related cataract surgery irrespective of sex with the age range of 40-80 years with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. Subjects were randomly and equally distributed in 2 groups; Group A for SICS with clear corneal incision and group B for SICS with scleral incision. Post operative visual out come was evaluated by determining visual acuity and astigmatism in different occasions and was compared between groups. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS for windows version12. Results: The highest age incidence (43.3%) was found between 61 to 70 years of age group. Among study subjects 40 were male and 20 were female. Preoperative visual acuity and astigmatism were evenly distributed between groups. Regarding postoperative unaided visual outcome, 6/12 or better visual acuity was found in 19.98% cases in group A and 39.6% cases in group B at 1st week. At 6th week 6/6 vision was found in 36.3% in Group A and 56.1% in Group B and 46.2% in group A and 66% in group B without and with correction respectively. With refractive correction, 6/6 vision was attained in 60% subjects of group A and 86.67% of group B at 8th week. Post operative visual acuity was statistically significant in all occasions. Postoperative astigmatism of >0.50D was in 82.5% subjects of group A and 52.8% subjects of group B at 1st week. At 6th week postoperative astigmatism of less than 1D was in 79.95% subjects of Group A and 83.34% subjects of Group B. About 20% subjects in Group A and only 3.3% in Group B showed astigmatism of more than 1D and these differences on both the occasions were statistically significant. Conclusion: The post operative visual outcome was better in SICS with scleral incision (group B) than in SICS with clear corneal incision (Group-A). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v2i1.17793 Delta Med Col J. Jan 2014; 2(1): 22-27