Background: Anastomal leakage is a main surgical difficulty and requires stoma closure. Objective: To find associated risks for mortality and morbidity of stoma closure. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Surgery Ward 2, Jinnah Sindh Medical University/Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi from 1st July 2020 to 30th June 2021. Methodology: One hundred and twenty patients undergone rectal carcinoma surgeries were enrolled. The complications were graded by Clavien-Dindo classification system. The stoma closure was done by two different methods; the anterior wall technique or resection with anastomosis. Time duration of surgery, scoring by American Society of Anaesthesiologists was done and clinical and demographic information documented. Results: There were 62.5% males while 37.5% females and mean age was 65.5±8.5 years range between 31 to 72 years. Vascular blood supply affected leaking anastomaly. No significant effect of stoma type or closing technique was seen. However the time of stoma (p=0.044) and ASA score closure was a main risk for causing complications and increasing morbidity or mortality chances. Conclusion: Time of closure, American Society of Anaesthesiologists score as well as vascular supply are risk factors for morbidity or mortality in stoma closure. Keywords: Surgical stoma closure, Risk factors, Morbidity, Mortality

Background: Septicemia is defined as systematic inflammatory response syndrome which is formed as a result of an infection. Objective: To identify the factors increasing risk of septicemia in acute cholecystectomy patients. Study Design: Retrospective study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Surgery, Sahara Medical College, Narowal from 1st August 2020 to 31st May 2021. Methodology: One hundred and seventy acute cholecystectomy patients were enrolled. The patient’s demographic, clinical history, comorbidities and post-operative complications were listed. All procedures were done through laparoscopic method. Results: There were 54.1% females and 45.9% males. The mean age of patients was 52.17±14.33 years. There were 11.7% cases who developed septicemia. The immune deficient patients were 0.9% and 1.8% had perforated gall bladder. There were 2.7% cases having obesity, cirrhosis or complicated diabetes with 3.6% having chronic kidney disease. Conclusion: The factors of complicated diabetes, cirrhosis, obesity and chronic kidney disease are associated with risk of septicemia in acute cholecystectomy. Key words: Cholecystectomy, Septicemia, Risk factors, Obesity, Chronic kidney disease