The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Raphanus raphanistrum (radish) on chronic kidney disease damage by reactive oxygen species or free radicals in animal model rats. Total of 18 rats were used in this study, divided into 3 groups and each group consist of 6 rats. Group 1 control (C), group 2 model (M) and group 3 test (T). Model and test group were treated with alcohol to produce chronic kidney disease by reactive oxygen spices for 9 weeks a dose of 1 ml. After that test group was treated with Raphanus raphanistrum juice for 4 weeks 80mg/kg body weight to determine it effect. Raphanus raphanistrum juice effect on behavior of rats through increases the locomotor activity and anxiety. The serum creatinine and uric acid level were significantly improved in T group. The reactive oxygen enzyme test shows that Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) was increase in T group. The Glutathione S-Transferases (GST) and Catalase (CAT) enzyme level was nearly same in C and T groups. This study concludes that compound 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl found in Raphanus raphanistrum juice and possess strong antioxidant activity on Chronic kidney disease induce by ethanol through reactive oxygen species. There is need of more researches to determine the use of natural compound to treat different disease.

Stress is associated with high risk of psychological disorders and cognitive impairment. Psychostimulants are also known to potentiate cognition & ameliorate depression, but their long-term use causes behavioural sensitization. The locomotor response to psychostimulant potentiated after repeated exposure to stressful stimulus & dopamine is thought to play a major role in sensitization-like phenomena. The present study is conducted to visualize responsiveness of dopamine D2 receptors by challenge dose of haloperidol following long term psychostimulant administration in restrained & unrestrained rats. Behavioural Effects of oral repeated administration of methylphenidate (10mg/kg/day 2 times daily) & modafinil (75mg/kg/day once daily) in restrained (exposed to immobilization stress for 2 hours daily) and unrestrained rats were monitored to observe locomotor sensitization, by using familiar environment of home cage (performed after every two days) and novel environment of open field (weekly) however, exploratory activity in Head Dip Test and cognitive activity in passive avoidance test (PAT) were carried out weekly for 35 days (till the behavioral sensitization produced). Effects of haloperidol challenge dose (1 mg/kg i.p.) were monitored after 35 days of treatment using Home Cage, Open Field, Head Dip and PAT, 30-, 60-, 90- & 120-minutes post injection. The result shows increase in locomotor activity in drug treated rats potentiated by restrained stress and sensitization effect was significant in 3rd week of psychostimulant administration and was more pronounced in modafinil treated rats. Exploratory activity in Head dip test reduced by restrained stress whereas potentiated by MOD & MPH in unrestrained rats. In restrained rats only MOD prevents stress-induced effect on exploratory behaviour. Restrained stress produced cognitive deficits but MOD and MPH improved cognitive performance in PAT. Challenge dose of haloperidol ameliorated motor activity in familiar and novel environment, impaired cognition in PAT and decreased activity in head dip test, effect was more pronounced in psychostimulant treated restrained mice. This study will be beneficial for the understanding of neurobiological basis of the effect of psychostimulants on stress induced motor and cognitive deficits so helpful to investigate drugs that could prevent psychostimulant induced behavioural sensitization in stressful environment

Stress is associated with high risk of psychological disorders and cognitive impairment. Psychostimulants are known to enhanced cognition but prolong use causes behavioural sensitization. The locomotor response to psychostimulant potentiated after repeated exposure to stressful stimulus & dopamine play a major role in sensitization-like phenomena. The present study is conducted to visualize responsiveness of dopamine D2 receptors by challenge dose of haloperidol following long term psychostimulant administration in restrained & unrestrained rats. Behavioural Effects of oral methylphenidate (10mg/kg/day 2 times daily) & modafinil (75mg/kg/day once daily) administration in restrained (exposed to immobilization stress for 2 hours daily) and unrestrained rats were monitored for 35 days till the behavioral sensitization produced by using home cage (performed after every two days), open field, Head Dip Test and passive avoidance test (PAT) weekly. The effects of haloperidol challenge dose (1 mg/kg i.p.) were monitored after 35 days of treatment using Home Cage, Open Field, Head Dip and PAT, 30-, 60-, 90- & 120-minutes post injection. The result shows that restrained stress potentiate stimulant-induced behavioural sensitization, produced cognitive deficits and decrease exploratory activity but both stimulants improved cognitive performance and exploratory activity in PAT and head dip test respectively effect was more pronounced in modafinil treated rats. Challenge dose of haloperidol ameliorated motor activity in Home Cage and Open Field, impaired cognition in PAT and decreased activity in head dip test, effect was significant in psychostimulant treated rats but more pronounced in saline treated restrained and psychostimulant treated restrained rats which could be due to supersensitization of D2 receptors that leads to increased sensitivity of stress on stimulant induced behavioural sensitization. This study will help to investigate drugs that could prevent psychostimulant induced behavioural sensitization in stressful environment by understanding of neurobiological basis of the effect of psychostimulants on stress induced motor and cognitive deficits.