Background:The genus Citrus (family: Rutaceae), a native to South East Asia and China, comprises aromatic shrubs and trees which are highly acknowledged by folk medicine of various tropical tribes and cultures and also by modern science for the treatment of various ailments. Citrus sinensis var. jaffa and Citrus paradisi var. redblush are two medicinally important members of this genus. However, the first step in utilization of a medicinal plant is authentication which involves pharmacognostic examination of the plant material. Systematic pharmacognostic studies for leaves of these Citrus species have not yet been done. Objective: To study and compare pharmacognostic profile of leaves of Citrus sinensis var. jaffa and Citrus paradisi var. redblush. Methods: Leaves were subjected to detailed macroscopic, microscopic (qualitative and quantitative), physiochemical, fluorescence and preliminary phytochemical analysis as per standard pharmacopoeial procedures and WHO guidelines. Results: Macroscopic examination showed that leaves of the two species can be differentiated based on nature of petiole, size and shape. Diagnostic microscopic features including the size of the epidermal cells, the type of stomata, stomatal index and location of secretory cavities help to distinguish the two species. Results for physiochemical and fluorescence analysis were recorded which will serve as reference standards. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, volatile oils, proteins and sugars. Conclusion: Pharmacognostic standards for leaves have been generated for the first time. These may prove useful to establish identity, quality and purity of these medicinally important Citrus species.

Patients with Heart Failure (HF) and Atrial Fibrillation (AF) who have systolic dysfunction or no systolic dysfunction are ideal candidates for first therapeutic choices that involve regulating either heart rate or rhythm. Patients with Heart Failure (HF) without systolic dysfunction are not ideal candidates for these first therapeutic choices. If one want to attain rate control, the consumption of a beta-blocker is virtually essential. It is conceivable to have a resting ventricular rate that is even lower than 100, which is the standard for what is considered a normal resting ventricular rate. However, this is not always the case. It is not standard practise to give nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers in the presence of systolic dysfunction, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation all at the same time (AF). Recent arguments have centred on the possibility of a lowered efficacy of beta-blockers and the safety dangers connected with the use of digoxin in the treatment of heart failure patients who develop AF. The extremely high prevalence of overweight and obesity in today's culture represents a significant threat to the health of the population. Another health issue that has been shown to have a direct correlation to obesity and the medical conditions that are typically connected with it is heart disease (hypertension, diabetes, insulin resistance, and sleep apnoea syndrome). When a person carries excess fat around their middle, they put themselves at a greater risk of developing coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis. Obesity is linked to a number of changes in the structure and function of the heart, some of which can lead to heart failure. As a consequence of the aberrant structure of the heart, a person has a greater risk of developing atrial fibrillation as well as sudden cardiac death. However, there is a phenomenon that is known as the "obesity paradox," which asserts that a person who already has cardiovascular disease may potentially benefit from being overweight and having a higher body mass index. Because of advancements in cardiac imaging, it is now possible to detect structural and functional alterations in the hearts of obese persons earlier than was previously possible. In the following paragraphs, we will make an attempt to provide a high-level overview of the data that links obesity and cardiovascular disease, as well as the factors that contribute to this relationship.