Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of bone fractures. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the use of trabecular bone score (TBS) and BMD to select the best diagnostic tool for osteoporosis caused by type 2 diabetes. Patients and Methods: One hundred and four patients (52 individuals with type 2 diabetes and 52 ones without diabetes) aged at most 50 years were enrolled in a cross-sectional study that was conducted with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images of patients referred to Khorshid and Al-Zahra hospitals, Isfahan, Iran. Results: Lumbosacral bone mineral density (BMD) was significantly lower in the diabetic group than in the control group (0.76 versus 0.82, P=0.041). The mean lumbosacral TBS was significantly lower in the diabetic group than in the controls (1.24 versus 1.36, P=0.001). Therefore, the lumbosacral TBS provided a more reliable indicator than lumbosacral BMD to discriminate between controls and women with T2DM. Conclusion: The TBS is recommended for early diagnosis of osteoporosis in diabetic patients because of its independence from BMD-related parameters. The TBS can capture a larger portion of the bone deterioration in women with T2DM that cannot be detected using methods based solely on BMD.

IgA vasculitis nephritis (Schönlein-Henoch purpura nephritis) is an autoimmune circumstance characterized by palpable purpura involving the lower limbs, arthralgia, abdominal pain and kidney involvement. It is possible that a cytokine storm following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could lead to an immunological dysregulation responsible for IgA vasculitis nephritis in these cases. Reactivation or first onset of IgA vasculitis nephritis is uncommon; however, there have been increasing reports of this disease, as a complication of COVID-19 vaccination. It is possible that COVID-19 mRNA vaccination may trigger several auto-inflammatory and autoimmune cascades. Previous research has shown that Toll-like receptors play a role in the development of IgA vasculitis nephritis. Following injection of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, the uptake of double-stranded RNA by-products will trigger Toll-like receptors, leading to a series of intracellular cascades starting an innate immunity-driven process of cell-mediated and humoral- mediated immunity.

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a debilitating neuropathy that accompanies pain and other physical limitations and disrupts the normal functioning of the victims' lives. Objective: We aimed to investigate Vitamin D's preventive and therapeutic effects on the occurrence and remission of CTS symptoms. Methods: In this systematic review the PRISMA statement has been designed primarily. An extensive search was undertaken in various databases, including PubMed, Cochrane library, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Scopus. After considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, finally, 19 articles were retrieved. The raw data were extracted and entered into an Excel form, and the study outcomes were investigated. Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation can improve the symptoms in CTS patients, and low serum 25(OH)D can aggravate the symptoms of the disease and could be a risk factor for its occurrence. However, more observational studies and clinical trials are needed.