Background: Change of voice is one of the common complaints in ENT practice and hoarseness of voice is the commonest symptom of changed voice quality. Hoarseness is invariably the earliest manifestation of conditions directly or indirectly affecting the voice apparatus. Though most common causes of hoarseness are benign and vocal abuse is the commonest among them, but we should always investigate for more sinister pathology like malignancy. Objectives: To find out the symptoms, signs and pathological incidence, leading to change of voice for early diagnosis and interventional purpose. Methods: Total 87 patients of change of voice, studied in 06 months duration from 1st January 2016 to 30th June 2016 in the Department of ENT & Head-Neck Surgery, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka. The cases were selected according to the eligibility criteria by purposive sampling. Then the data were collected by the active participation of the patients interviewed by the preformed proforma of data collection sheet. Results: Maximum number of cases of change of voice were due to carcinoma larynx (37.93%), then chronic laryngitis (20.99%), followed by vocal cord nodules (19.54%) and vocal cord polyps (8.05%.). Laryngopharyngeal reflux was found in 45.95% patients of chronic laryngitis. Males were affected more than females (1.81:1). Most of the patients were in the age group of 21 to 50 years. Peak incidence was in the 4th decade. Labourers/ daily wage earners formed the predominant group. Majority of patients were from low socioeconomic class. Smoking, vocal abuse, smoking and infections were the common predisposing factors. Conclusion: Hoarseness of voice is just a symptom with a very diverse etiology. The etiological data varies in different geographical location and from one center to other, so every case should be carefully and thoroughly evaluated to know the diagnosis and underlying pathology for early and prompt management. J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 29, No.2, October, 2020, Page 116-125

Objective: To determine whether postoperative hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy is more frequent in malignant disease than benign disease. Methods: This is a Cross sectional study. The sample size is 126. All the patients were selected according to the eligibility criteria by purposive sampling. Patients were analyzed for age, gender, thyroid pathology, preoperative serum calcium, postoperative serum calcium. Results: Postoperative hypocalcemia was found in 37 (29.37%) patients. Most patients were female (Male: Female= 1: 4.2). Patients having low preoperative serum calcium had developed more postoperative hypocalcemia (p<0.03). Postoperative hypocalcemia was associated with thyroid pathology (p<0.009) and age (p<0.006), not associated with sex (p<0.907). In multivariate analysis very little association between malignant disease and postoperative hypocalcemia was found (p<0.07). Conclusion: The incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia following total thyroidectomy is 29.4% that is higher than the anticipated but is comparable to other published series. For total thyroidectomy surgeons should be aware of postoperative hypocalcemia but prophylactic calcium and vitamin D supplement is not mandatory in all cases. Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol; April 2019; 25(1): 19-27

Background: The overall incidence of salivary gland neoplasm is 2.5-3.0 per 100000 per year. Salivary gland malignancies account for about 5% of head-neck malignancies. Though, it is uncommon but not rare in our country. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) has been widely used for many years as a method for assessing salivary gland lesion preoperatively. It is a simple, quick, inexpensive and minimally invasive technique used to diagnose different types of salivary gland neoplasm. Objectives: To see the frequency of malignancy in parotid and submandibular salivary gland neoplasm and also to find out the role of FNAC in their preoperative diagnosis. Histopathological examination of the resected parotid and submandibular gland neoplasm was considered as gold standard to compare FNAC report of this study. Methods: This was a cross – sectional study which was conducted in the Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka from January 2017 to June 2018. Purposive sampling method was used to collect data. Pre-tested structured data sheet was used to record information. After collection, data were edited by meticulous checking and re-checking. Data were analyzed using SPSS for windows version 22. Results: After histopathological confirmation of the resected specimen, most common benign parotid tumour was pleomorphic adenoma 76.7% followed by warthin’s tumour 16.7%. In benign submandibular gland neoplasm, pleomorphic adenoma was the commones 87.5% followed by haemangioma 12.5%. Commonest malignant tumour of submandibular gland was adenoid cystic carcinoma 50.0%. In our study sensitivity of FNAC was 75.0%, specificity 94.74% and overall accuracy was 90%. Positive predictive value and negative value were 81.82% and 92.31% respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that fine needle aspiration cytology is a safe, cheap and useful preoperative diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of malignancy in parotid and submandibular gland, but as fine needle aspiration cytology partly depends on operator skill, it may give false negative and false positive result. Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 27(2): 124-129