Objective: The study aims at formulation and characterization of floating hydrogel beads of cefdinir for improving its bioavailability. Methods: Cefdinir is broad-spectrum, oral, third-generation cephalosporin antimicrobial agent active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The floating hydrogel beads of cefdinir were formulated with polymers such as sodium alginate and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose by emulsion gelation technique using olive oil/castor oil. The beads were evaluated for surface morphology, bead size, entrapment efficiency, floating characteristics, in vitro swelling, in vitro drug release, and stability studies. Results: On the basis of evaluation, all the beads show good swelling up to 12 h in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid. The swelling was followed by values in order of vegetable oil > mineral oil in case of emulsion gelation method. Scanning electron microscopy study shows that beads were spherical in shape. Comparing all the formulations, formulation FB12 was considered as optimized formulation which shows % yield 94.06±0.11, % floating 87.28±0.90, in vitro drug release 94.68, and also stable in stability studies. Conclusion: From the findings, it may be concluded that cefdinir-loaded floating beads were successfully prepared and proved to be useful for the better bioavailability and patient compliance for enhanced antimicrobial activity.

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Natural  polymers  are  hydrophilic  in  nature,  economic,  chemically  inert,  easily  available,  biodegradable,  and  non-toxic.  Following problems associated with the use of gums include uncontrolled  rates of hydration, pH dependent solubility, thickening, drop in viscosity on storage, and  the  possibility  of  microbial  contamination.  Chemical  modification  of  gums  not  only  minimizes  these  drawbacks  but  also  alter  their physicochemical  properties.  Recently,  researchers  have  been  modifying  properties  of natural  gums  to explore  its more  applicability.  Aim of the current study was to explore Xanthan gum’s applicability in mucoadhesive  and other property by doing its Chemical modification. Sulfoxy amine modification  of xanthan  gum was carried  out by reacting  xanthan  gum with thionyl  chloride  and further  treated  with ammonia.  FTIR, elemental DSC,  XRD  and SEM  were  studied  for confirmation  of the modification.  The modified  xanthan  gum showed  improvement  in the mucoadhesion, water uptake capacity, gelling property as well as viscosity as compared to unmodified  xanthan gum. The results of X-ray diffraction  study confirms the finding of DSC study. X-ray diffractogram  confirmed XG is typical of amorphous  substance while that of MXG is typical of crystalline substance with the characteristic  peak appearing  at 14.79, 25.66, 29.63 and 31.82 2θ.   The 0.6% w/v of modified  xanthan  gum showed gelling property.  The 0.6% w/v of modified Xanthan Gum showed gelling property where as Xanthan Gum required more than 1% w/v , it indicate that gelling property of Xanthan  Gum has improved  due to its modification.  Mucoadhesive  strength  of modified  xanthan  gum was found to be 4±0.56 gm which is more than xanthan gum i.e. 1.5±0.94 gm. The ionic interactions  may be taken place in between negatively charged mucus with cationic modified polymer and superior mucoadhesion  can be achieved. Rapid and constant swelling behavior was observed by modified Xanthan gum. The SEM image of MXG showed that the grafting of Polysulfoxyamine  onto XG brings about the change in the shape and size of the XG particles.  The enhanced  viscosity and gelling capacity of modified  xanthan  gum were also observed  as compared  to xanthan  gum. In vivo acute toxicity study of Poly sulfoxy amine grafted xanthan gum was performed.  The toxicological  effects were observed in terms of mortality and expressed as LD50.  Results of Acute toxicity study  shows  LD50   value  was  more  than  2 gm/kg  indicating  the low  toxicity.  These  findings  proved  that modified  xanthan  gum  may  be used  as promising excipient in various drug delivery systems.

At present-day, computers are so communal in pharmaceutical research and development that it may be rough to visualize a time when there were no computers to help the medicinal chemist or biologist. Nowadays, computers are completely essential for generating, managing, and transmitting information. The primary computers were designed for military and accounting applications, but gradually it became apparent that computers would have a massive number of uses. At modern, computers are so common in pharmaceutical research and development. The purpose of this review is to give a brief description of the historical development in respect applications of computers in Research and Development.