Neonatal sepsis is a serious condition in which the pathogens infiltrate the bloodstream, multiply and produce toxins causing deleterious effects to the health of neonates. It is divided into two types on the basis of the time of onset. Early onset sepsis occurs within 72 hours of birth and late onset sepsis begins after 72 hours of delivery. Neonatal sepsis continues to be a common and significant health care burden, especially in very low birth weight infants (with birthweight less than 1500 grams). Though intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has decreased the incidence of early-onset group B streptococcal infection dramatically, it still remains a major cause of neonatal sepsis. As the signs and symptoms of neonatal sepsis are nonspecific, early diagnosis and prompt treatment remain a challenge.

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A systemic parasitic infestation caused by the larval stages of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium is known as Cysticercosis. While encysted form of the larval stage is attributed to rare variant of Cysticercosis of soft tissues. Muscle infestation by this parasite can lead to vague clinical presentation. We are presenting a series of 4 rare cases of extracranial, cervicofacial cysticercosis their clinical attributes and imaging characteristics leading to diagnosis of cysticercosis and approach to successful outcome with pharmacotherapy alone that spared the need of surgical management.

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Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model was developed as an animal model of depression more than two decades ago. Important for this model is that after prolonged exposure of tested animals to a series of CUMS stressors, a condition like anhedonia develops, which is noticed in the majority of depressive disorders. CUMS model is used now-a-days in numerous research related to the neurobiological and biochemical changes associated with depressive disorder. Outcomes confirm that CUMS induces various changes in tested animals, which reflect those seen in depressive illness. Because the effects of CUMS can be used in a more accurate diagnosis of the pathophysiology of depressive disorders and expand knowledge of its pharmacology and pharmacotherapy, therefore research in this area has been continued all the time. The animal models of depression like CUMS has contributed to the elucidation of the pathophysiological and hormonal mechanisms of depression includes decreased neurogenesis, HPA axis alterations etc. This model explores the association of depressive-like behavior in mice with changes in peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNFα and IL-6 level such as neuroinflammation by quantifying CD11b expression in brain areas known to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. The present review focuses on the CUMS procedure, various stressors and behavioral tests. The review also includes neuronal process and mechanisms involved in the CUMS. Search was performed in PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Scopus and Medline databases. A quality assessment yielded a total of 52 papers to be considered for the review by using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria.