Breast cancer is the second most common fatal cancer in women. Developing a breast cancer is a multi-factorial and hormonal-dependent process, which may be triggered by many risk factors. An endocrine disrupting substance known as bisphenol A (BPA), that is used greatly in the manufacture of plastic products, was suggested as a possible risk factor for developing breast cancer. BPA has a strong binding affinity to non-classical membrane estrogen receptors like estrogen-related and G protein-coupled (GPER) receptors. Based on animal and in vitro studies, results showed a link between BPA exposure and increased incidence of breast cancer. BPA has the ability to alter multiple molecular pathways in cells namely, G protein-coupled receptor (GPER) pathway, estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRγ) pathway, HOXB9 (homeobox-containing gene) pathway, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and (BMP4), immunoregulatory cytokine disturbance in the mammary gland, EGFR-STAT3 pathway, FOXA1 in ER-breast cancer cells, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), and epigenetic changes. Thus, the aforementioned alterations cause undesired gene stimulation or repression that increase risk of developing breast cancer. So, restricting exposure to BPA should be considered to aid in lowering the risk of developing breast cancer.

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Sensory Motor Stimulation is one of the first coordinated muscular activities in the fetus. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sensory-motor stimulation on enhancing the oral feeding readiness of preterm neonates. Subject and Method: A quasi-experimental design was utilized and conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit at Minia University Hospital for obstetrics and pediatrics. A purposeful sample of 140 preterm neonates and one tool was used in the current study which includes: Personal data of the preterm infant, such as gender, post-natal age, and premature oral feeding readiness assessment scale. Results: More than one-third of the study and control groups gestational age ranged between 34 -35 weeks. Mean scores of premature oral feeding readiness were increased in the study group than the control group, especially on the third and fourth days of the intervention with statistically significant differences. In addition, more than onequarter of the preterm neonates in the study group begins oral feeding within 4 -6 days of admission. Conclusion: Sensory motor stimulation is an effective technique for enhancing premature oral feeding readiness of stable premature neonates as evidenced by the improvement of the mean scores of premature oral feeding readiness assessment scale items and decreasing the time needed for the onset of full oral feeding. Recommendation: Provide nursing training for all nursing staff in the neonatal intensive care unit about Sensory Motor Stimulation for premature neonates.

Advocacy is explained in concrete acts such as helping the patient access needed healthcare facilities, assuring the quality of treatment, defending the patient's interests, and acting as a coordinator for the patient and the health care environments. Aim: Assess pediatric nurses' awareness regarding protective child advocacy and rights in the hospital. Method: A descriptive exploratory research design was utilized, and a convenient sample of 103 nurses at the in-patient pediatric ward, neonatal intensive care unit, and pediatric intensive care unit at Minia university hospital for obstetric and pediatric hospital, Minia health insurance hospital, and Misr-El-Hora general hospital affiliated to the Ministry of Health hospital. One tool was used, which included two parts, part Ⅰ: Demographic data for nurses. Part Ⅱ: Nurses' awareness about the protective child advocacy scale and child rights Results: Most of the studied nurses had good awareness of child advocacy and rights, and the minority had fair awareness. All the studied nurses aged between 30-< 35 years and 40-45 years had good awareness about child advocacy, and all the studied nurses who had bachelor's degrees had a good level of awareness about child advocacy and rights. Conclusion: Increasing the nurses' age and their educational level provides an opportunity for them to advocate for children and maintain their rights. Recommendation: Conducting training courses for nurses about child advocacy and their rights is the Ministry of Health's responsibility in the hospital.

Bathing the neonates is one of nursing practices in the neonatal intensive care units that increase manipulation and has an impact on the physiological and behavioural parameters. Aim: Evaluate the effect of swaddle bathing versus traditional bathing on physiological stability and comfort level among neonates. Research design: Quasi experimental research design was utilized in the present study. Sample: The study sample consisted of all available healthy full-term neonates include (90 neonates)45 for the swaddle and 45 for traditional bathing groups. Setting:The study was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), at Minia University Hospital for Obstetrics and Paediatrics (MUHOP). Tools: Three tools were used; Tool I: Structured interview questionnaire sheet which was consisted of demographic characteristics of the neonates, Tool II: Physiological parameters recording sheet and Tool III: COMFORT neo scale. Results: The total mean score of discomfort was decreased in the swaddle versus traditional bathing group with a highly statistically significant differences at 10 minutes after bathing. There was stability in the mean score of body temperature in the swaddle versus traditional bathing group while there was an increase in the mean scores of heart rate and respiratory rate for traditional versus swaddle bathing group after bathing with statistically significant differences. Conclusion. Applying swaddle bathing technique is an effective method for improving physiological parameters and decreasing discomfort level for the neonates in NICU. Recommendation: Training program should be conducted in the neonatal intensive care units for nurses about swaddle bathing techniques.