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Background: Worldwide rise in cesarean section (CS) rate during the last three decades has been the cause of alarm and needs an in-depth study. The purpose of this study was to determine the outcome of pregnancy in women with previous one cesarean section and maternal and perinatal complications. It also aimed at identifying the factors, which can influence the outcome of trial of labour (TOL).Methods: The prospective study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kamla Nehru hospital for mother and child, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, from June 2013 to May 2014 which included all women undergoing trial for vaginal birth after a previous cesarean who were more than 34 weeks, singleton viable fetus of appropriate size with cephalic presentation with inter delivery interval more than 18 months. Collected data was analysed by Student T-test and Chi-square test was used where required, for statistical analysis using Epi info 7 software. P value <0.05 was considered significant.Results: Out of 152 subjects given trial of labour, 107 (70.39%) subjects had successful VBAC and 45 (29.61%) had repeat emergency cesarean section. The maternal morbidity in emergency cesarean section group and vaginal delivered group was seen in 14 (31%), 8 (7.47%) subjects respectively. No significant perinatal morbidity was observed. VBAC rate was significantly more in women who had prior vaginal deliveries, especially in those with previous VBAC.Conclusions: In carefully selected cases, trial of labour (TOL) after a prior cesarean is safe and often successful. A prior vaginal delivery, particularly, a prior VBAC are associated with a higher rate of successful TOL.

An all optical communication is fast and reliable for next generation information carrying systems. For successful operation of fast data over flexible transmission line is only possible by all optical multiplexer and can serve for network. A 60 Gbps all optical multiplexer using cheap components has been realized and also tested on different speeds of input data streams. For integral and flexible multiplexer, optical semiconductor-based MZI switch taken into consideration. MZI-SOA is used to generate two logical gates outputs such as (AND)(XOR) gate. Multiplexer working is based on SOA nonlinearity properties and optical coupler. XOR logic gate contingent on cross-phase modulation in amplifier and logic AND for four-wave mixing is obtained from cross port and bar port respectively. Simulation is performed and multiplexer is tested for different launched power in tree architecture. System performance indicates that it can work for high speed (60 Gbps) and different data entities.

Abstract-Free-space optical (FSO) communication is a cost effective and high data rate access technique, which has been proving itself a best alternative to radio frequency technology. FSO link provides high bandwidth solution to the last mile access bottleneck. However, for terrestrial communication systems, the performance of these links is severely degraded from atmospheric loss mainly due to fog, rain and snow. So, a continuous availability of the link is always a concern. This paper investigates the dreadful weather effects such as rain, fog, snow, and other losses on the transmission performance of FSO systems. The technique of using an array of receivers for improving the performance of FSO links is explored in this paper. It involves the deployment of multiple photo detectors at the receiver end to mitigate effects of various weather conditions. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated in terms of bit error rate, received signal power, Q-factor and height of eye diagram. The influence of various weather conditions of plain and hilly areas are taken into consideration and results are compared with conventional FSO links.

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