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Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) is the measurement of the power in the radio signal and a parameter for distance-based measurements. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is an advance implementation for Internet of Things (IoT). BLE beacons-based indoor positioning systems provide an easy and energy-efficient, low deployment cost solution for wide variety of applications including smart phones. This paper presents an in-depth experimental study of BLE RSSI in a dense indoor environment. Due to noise, fluctuations in RSSI occur, which produces distance estimation error, which ultimately affect position estimation accuracy. The main objective of this paper is to know the variations in RSSI and develop a radio propagation model in order to minimize the distance estimation and position estimation error. Based on our real-time experimental analysis using BLE modules, there is an average 1.32-m position estimation error in the presence of 10-dBm variation in RSSI. Moreover, we also observed that environmental specific radio propagation constants greatly affect distance and position estimation accuracy in BLE modules.

Objective: To evaluate the functional outcome of extra-articular fracture of distal femur, LISS plating versus retrograde intramedullary interlocking nailing. Study Design: Prospective/Randomized control trial Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur from 1st July 2019 to 31st December 2020. Methodology: One hundred patients of both genders with ages 20 to 60 years presented with fractures of distal femur were included in this study. Patients were equally divided into two groups I and II. Group I contained 50 patients and received LISS plating and Group II contained 50 patients and received closed retrograde intramedullary interlocking nail, Pre and post-operative assessment was done. Post-operative complications were noted at 12th day. Functional outcomes were examined after 6 months by the NEERs criteria. Results: Sixty five (65%) patients were males (35 in group I and 30 in group II) and 35 (35%) patients were females (15 in group I and 20 in group II). Road traffic accident was the most common mode of injury in 62 (62%) patients. Most of the fractures were on right side 66 (66%). According to the NEER criteria, 80% patients shows excellent, 20% patients shows satisfactory with no poor results in Group I and in Group II 30% patients shows excellent, 66% patients shows satisfactory results and 4% shows unsatisfactory results. Conclusion: The LISS plating and closed retrograde intramedullary interlocking nail was safe and effective methods for extra-articular fractures of distal femur but there were less complications found in LISS plating. Keywords: Fracture of distal femur, LISS plating, Interlocking nail

Greenstick / torus fracture of distal radial metaphysis are quite common inchildren. It has been seen that these fractures are stable and splintage is necessary for comfort and pain relief.Objectives: To reduce the number of visits to clinics, which is logistically difficult in a rural community population ofa large catchment’s area. Design Prospectively Setting: Accident , Emergency and orthopaedics Departments,General Hospital Letterkenny. Patients & Materials: 65 cases with green stick fractures treated with Soft cast, whichwas easily removable at home. Results: All patients in this study showed good results with no complications. Theparent satisfaction rate was 97.3%. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that it is clinically safe, cost effective andconvenient to parents to treat undisplaced green stick fractures within the community.

Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) have become a hot area of research and development since few years. It is actually a subclass of Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) where each node is a vehicle and when the nodes come in the communication range of each other, they form a network. In VANETs, Vehicle to Vehicle(V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure(V2I) communication takes place where nodes themselves acts as servers and /or clients for sharing & exchanging of information. VANETs find applications in road safety also have the potential to improve traffic efficiency and convenience by communicating with peer vehicles and roadside units. As the nodes move with high speed, the topology is dynamically varying and designing a routing protocol for such a dynamically varying network is a challenge. Also other challenges of VANETs are security, connectivity among vehicles, cross layer design issues, mobility & validation. In this paper, a VANET scenario is simulated using Wireshark Simulator in IEEE 802.16e (WiMAX) and IEEE 802.11p (WAVE) environment and the performance evaluation parameters like packet loss ratio and throughput. The simulation results are performed by scaling the network size using both the environments i.e., WiMax and WAVE and the results are evaluated by comparing throughput and packet loss ratio. WiMAX outperforms WAVE in a VANET environment in a big network.